Before 1979, except for the oil industry, most of Iran's economic sectors were privately owned. /kloc-after the victory of the Islamic revolution in 0/979, important factories, mines, farms, banks, insurance companies, restaurants, etc. Be nationalized. At present, Iran's economic system is a mixed system, which consists of three parts: state-owned, collective and private, of which the state-owned part accounts for more than 75% of Iran's total economic composition. State-owned enterprises include all important industries, mines, power generation facilities, dams, irrigation networks, radio and television, posts and telecommunications, aviation, shipping, highways, railways, foreign trade, banking and insurance. State-owned enterprises are managed by the government under the central planned economy, and their income and expenditure are included in a separate budget by the state. In recent years, the government has taken a series of measures to gradually decentralize management authority and reduce government intervention in enterprises. Collective components include companies engaged in the production and distribution of materials and similar institutions established in towns and villages. The private sector, including companies engaged in industry, trade and services, and family production units engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry, is a supplement to state-owned and collective economic activities.
During the eight-year Iran-Iraq war, Iran's economy was severely damaged. After the war, it faced the difficult situation that everything needed to be revived. Therefore, the government began the post-war reconstruction plan. The first five-year plan for social and economic development was formulated in 1988, and it was implemented from 1989 to February1March. During the implementation of the first five-year plan, the government focused on basic industries such as oil, mining, transportation and energy. However, due to the lack of planning, the construction stalls are too large, the imports are over-inflated, and there is a shortage of funds. In the later period of the five-year plan (1992-1993), the price of crude oil in the international market fell sharply, and Iran's foreign exchange reserves were sharply scarce, resulting in a serious shortage of funds. In order to maintain the established goal of high economic growth, it had to borrow from abroad, and soon it was unable to repay the huge short-term and medium-term foreign debts owed, which led to an unprecedented crisis in Iranian bank credit and seriously affected Iran's economic construction and development. During the implementation of the second five-year plan, the government made a lot of adjustments in economic policies, narrowed the construction front and closed many projects that were not in a hurry. At the same time, reduce the import scale, expand the export of non-oil products, save foreign exchange, and repay the short-term and medium-term foreign debts borrowed during the first five-year plan period. During this period, the economic growth rate remained at around 3.5%. During the second half of 1998 to1April 1999, the price of crude oil in the international market suddenly fell continuously, and Iran's oil revenue dropped sharply, down by one third compared with the previous year. For the second time, Iran's economy was severely hit, unemployment rate and inflation rate rose, and foreign debt increased. The actual economic growth rate of 1999 is only 1.8%, ranking third. Therefore, the government can get rid of the economic difficulties by adjusting the budget, increasing taxes, reducing government expenditure, attracting more foreign investment and transferring the shares of government companies to private companies. 1In September 1999, Iranian President Khatami announced an ambitious plan to privatize several major industries, such as communications, posts and telecommunications, railways, petrochemicals and even oil upstream industries, as an important part of the overall economic restructuring. The third five-year plan (2000 -2004) was soon formulated. The third five-year plan summarizes the experience and lessons of the last two five-year plans and the problems existing in Iran's economy, puts forward specific development goals, and embodies the government's major adjustment of economic policies. The overall economic objectives of the third five-year plan mainly include:
(1). All economic development and growth must reflect social justice, narrow the gap between the rich and the poor, and eliminate poverty;
(2) expanding the export of non-petroleum products and reducing the country's dependence on the export of petroleum products;
(3) The demand for agricultural products and consumer goods is relatively self-sufficient;
(4) Develop and train domestic human resources, comprehensively improve the technical and professional level to meet the needs of economic development;
(5) Encourage investment, ensure investment safety and create more employment opportunities;
(6) Reform the tax system, increase national income, and support and develop financial and capital markets;
(7) Controlling the inflation rate to meet the purchasing power of low-and middle-income families;
(8) Transfer the shares of state-owned companies to the private sector to speed up the privatization process.
According to the objectives set in the third five-year plan, Iran has taken the following important measures in the implementation process in recent years:
After the crude oil price rebounded from April 1999, Iran's crude oil revenue increased significantly, which improved Iran's foreign exchange receipts and payments and reduced its foreign debt burden. After the September 1 1 incident, the price of crude oil was once lowered due to the global economic slowdown, but it remained at a high level, which did not affect the Iraqi economy. Since April 2000, the state has deposited the excess oil revenue into the special account of the oil foreign exchange stabilization fund of the central bank every year. 50% of the fund is used to offset the budget deficit caused by the future oil price drop, and the other 50% is used to provide loans for investment and encourage non-oil export enterprises and production enterprises to invest, among which credit to private enterprises accounts for a considerable proportion.
Petroleum industry is the pillar industry of Iran and the top priority of economic development. In order to maintain the current oil production, ensure sufficient foreign exchange income and consolidate Iran's position in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, the Iranian Ministry of Petroleum has successively opened up the exploration and development of Iranian oil and gas fields since 1998, and provided more than 40 development projects to the outside world. So far, dozens of oil and gas field development contracts have been signed with foreign oil companies in the form of repurchase, which has successfully attracted 27 billion US dollars of external funds and plans to absorb another 654.38+03 billion US dollars of investment in the future. In order to change the single petroleum economic structure and realize the diversification of petroleum products, the state vigorously develops natural gas resources, replaces crude oil with natural gas and exports natural gas to European and Asian markets. At the same time, vigorously develop the downstream industries of petroleum, increase the added value of petroleum products and expand the export of petrochemical products.
In May, 20001,the Iranian parliament approved the Law on Attracting and Protecting Foreign Investment, which was the first foreign investment law promulgated by Iran since the Islamic Revolution in 1979. Due to the differences between Iranian conservatives and reformists, this law did not take effect immediately, and was rejected twice by the Iranian Constitutional Supervision Committee, and it did not take effect until May 2002. In August 2002, the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Investment Law was passed. The promulgation of the new investment law is the product of the struggle between the two factions. Although many provisions are still restrictive, it is a step of reform. The new investment law broadens the fields and ways of investment, including all industrial fields except the oil industry. There is no strict limit on the proportion of investment, and the investment principal and profit can be freely remitted abroad, thus improving the investment safety. Due to the imperfect supporting laws and unsatisfactory investment environment, foreign companies' investment in Iran is still in the exploratory stage.
In February 2002, the Iranian parliament passed legislation to reform the national tax system, reduce corporate tax and increase value-added tax. The income tax was reduced from 54% to 25%, and the private sector was encouraged to invest in production enterprises. At the same time, some state-owned enterprises and poor foundations will be exempted from tax privileges.
On March 2 1 2002, the Central Bank of Iran merged the official exchange rate with the market exchange rate, established a unified bank agreement exchange rate, which was in line with the internationally accepted exchange rate system, and abolished the exchange rate subsidy for state-owned companies, making private companies equal to state-owned companies. The unification of exchange rates has led to an increase in inflation. In order to reduce inflationary pressure, the state still maintains subsidies for daily necessities and subsidizes the prices of imported goods. The impact of this growth is expected to diminish in 2003.
During the implementation of the Third Five-Year Plan, Iran achieved some economic indicators, such as crude oil revenue, controlling government expenditure, and completing the gross national product, but it also faced many problems, mainly including:
The high unemployment rate is the main social problem facing the Iranian government. At present, Iran has a working-age population of 3.5 million, which is expected to reach 5 million in three years. One of the goals of the third five-year plan is to solve the employment of 750 thousand people every year. Due to the lack of investment and labor market, only 400,000 people are employed every year. If we don't attract more foreign investment and encourage private investment, the employment problem will be difficult to solve.
State-owned enterprises are monopolized by the state, and their operating methods are not included in the track of market-oriented operation, so their efficiency is generally low.
Huge subsidies are a heavy burden on government finances. Iran's annual subsidy for energy is as high as $654.38+000 billion, and the subsidy for food and medicine is $2 billion. In addition to wasting energy, energy subsidies are also important for reducing the competitiveness of enterprises and preventing products from competing in the international market.
In addition, Iran has also been subject to economic sanctions from the United States. After the 911incident, President Bush extended the D'Amato Act, declared Iran an "axis of evil" and prevented Iran from joining the World Trade Organization (WTO), which would have a long-term adverse impact on Iran's economic development.
Recent economic data of Iran
Growth rate of industrial production: 3.5% (including oil) (estimated data in 2004) /3% (excluding oil) (estimated data in 2005)
Inflation rate:15.5% (estimated data in 2004)/16% (estimated data in 2005)
Labor force: shortage of 23 million skilled workers (estimated data in 2004)/shortage of 23.68 million skilled workers (estimated data in 2005)
Distribution of labor force: 30% in agriculture, 25% in industry and 45% in service industry (estimated data of 20065438+0).
Unemployment rate: 1 1.2%(2004, estimated data)
Poor population: 40% (estimated data in 2002)
Investment (fixed total investment): 30.5% (estimated data in 2005)
The national income was $43.34 billion (2004)/$48.82 billion (2005).
Expenditure: USD 47.7 billion, including national expenditure of USD 7.6 billion (estimated data in 2004)/USD 60.4 billion, including national expenditure of USD 7.6 billion (estimated data in 2005).
Exports: USD 38.79 billion, FOB price (estimated data in 2004).
International debt: 654.38+03.4 billion USD (estimated data in 2004)/27.5% GDP (estimated data in 2005).
Main agricultural products: wheat, rice, other grains, beets, fruits, nuts, cotton, dairy products, wool and caviar.
Industrial products: petroleum, petrochemical products, textiles, cement and other building materials, food processing (especially saccharin and vegetable oil processing), metal prefabricated parts, weapons.
Economic assistance received: US$ 408 million (estimated data for 2002)
Power generation: 654.38+29 million kilowatts (2002)
Proven oil reserves: 654.38+38 million barrels (estimated data in 2004)/654.38+33 million barrels (estimated data in 2005).
Proven natural gas reserves: 26.7 billion cubic meters (2004)/26.62 billion cubic meters (2005)
Tel:1257.110000 (2003)
Mobile phones: 3,376,500 (2003)
Internet Host: 5269 (2004)
Internet users: 43 million (2003)
Railway: 7203 kilometers
Expressway: 167 157 km.
Airports: 305 (estimated data in 2004)