Social capital (social capital)
According to the definition of Social Capital Initiative of the World Bank, social capital in a broad sense refers to the collective actions taken by * * * and civil society for the common interests of an organization, ranging from a family to a country.
As for the concept of "social capital", there is no universally accepted definition. From its basic connotation, social capital is a concept relative to economic capital and human capital. It refers to the state and characteristics of close contact between social subjects (including individuals, groups, society and even the country), and its manifestations include social network, norms, trust, authority, action consciousness and social morality. Social capital exists in the social structure and is intangible. It improves social efficiency and social integration through cooperation between people.
Micro-and meso-level social capital research mainly focuses on the relationship orientation characteristics of individual actors and the influence of their social status on the social capital they can obtain, or the structural characteristics of the social networks in which the actors are located and the influence of the interaction and restriction between the networks on the ability of individual social resources acquisition. Because social capital is included in social groups and social networks, individuals cannot directly possess and use it. Only by becoming a member of the network or establishing a network association can they get close to and use capital.
Social capital is the connection between people and exists in the structure of interpersonal relationships. Social capital, like material capital and human capital, is the connection between individuals and others in an organization, which can bring future benefits to others. Social capital is often aimed at an organization. The amount of his social capital in the organization reflects his interpersonal relationship with others in the organization. In the long run, the external indicators that can bring him extra benefits can be expressed as word of mouth, popularity, word of mouth and so on.
Macro-level social capital research mainly studies the influence of social capital stock on local economic growth from the perspective of regions or countries. At this level, social capital is a norm that members generally recognize and abide by for mutual benefit. Putnam's research on central and northern Italy found that these areas have a strong atmosphere of trust and cooperation. This rich social capital can coordinate people's actions, improve the investment income of material capital and human capital, and promote regional economic development. Fukuyama, a famous scholar, defines social capital as an informal norm to promote cooperation between two or more individuals. The social capital of an organization reflects the strength of the norms it abides by and the cohesion among its members, or the influence of the organization on its members. If an individual violates the norms of the organization, he will be punished and his social capital will be reduced; On the contrary, if he abides by the norms, his social capital will continue to increase. Some scholars have concluded that the status of social capital is determined by the trust of a society, the characteristics of code of conduct and the closeness of connecting networks.
Montgomery introduced the concept of social capital into the field of microfinance. He believes that the borrower's intentional breach of contract will harm the interests of other members of the group and the borrower's reputation and credibility in the surrounding communities, thus greatly reducing his personal social capital. If the borrower thinks that the loan amount is not enough to make up for the loss of social capital caused by breach of contract, then he will not deliberately not repay the loan. Besley and Kurt discussed the influence of joint liability on the borrower's repayment enthusiasm, and the group members exerted "peer pressure" on the group members who defaulted on their debts through their social capital. Chea Chang, a Chinese scholar, also put forward the idea of using community credit resources to improve the credit level of individual small and medium-sized enterprises, and then solve the financing problem of small and medium-sized enterprises.
It can be seen that the concept of social capital is of great significance for us to explore cluster financing ... >>
Question 2: What conditions should social capital investors have? First, they should learn enough investment knowledge through various studies and form a set of their own investment ideas. Second, we should choose the right investment products according to our risk preference. Third, they should have a reasonable financial management structure and do a good job in financial planning, such as investment proportion arrangement. Fourth, we should be good at observing and understanding market information and making correct judgments. Fifth, they should have good judgment.
Question 3: What is the difference between private capital and social capital? The difference between private capital and social capital;
Compared with * * * social capital, civil social capital can be understood as the network, norms and values formed by people's self-action except * * * system and behavior, and its measurement method is similar to that of individual and collective social capital.
Social capital refers to the connection between individuals or groups ―― social network, reciprocal norms and the resulting trust, which is the resource brought by people's position in the social structure. Social capital is the first concept used by sociologists. Granovetter first conceptualized social capital, but the academic community has not yet formed a unified concept of what social capital is. Different scholars have made different definitions of the concept of social capital from their subject categories and research paradigms. To sum up, these concepts mainly form three research levels: micro, meso and macro.
Question: What does social capital include in PPP projects? Social capital refers to domestic and foreign enterprise legal persons that have established a modern enterprise system, but does not include the financing platform companies owned by * * * and other holding state-owned enterprises;
Question 5: What conditions should social capital investors have? 10 economic mind,
Question 6: Which of the following are the characteristics of the cooperation model between * * * and social capital? 1.* * * The mode of cooperation with social capital is a long-term cooperative relationship between * * * and social capital in the field of public services. * * * Choose social capital with investment and operation management capabilities through competition, conclude contracts according to the principle of equal consultation, clarify the relationship between power and responsibility, and promote the realization of public services. Its basic characteristics are:
2, * * * expenditure responsibility is clear. * * * From investment subsidy to capital investment, from direct investment to indirect investment to operation; Through strict value-for-money evaluation and financial affordability demonstration, the project construction cost, operating cost and profit level are scientifically calculated, and the expenditure boundary of * * * is strictly defined according to different payment methods such as user payment, * * subsidy and * * payment, and * * * does not assume the responsibility of bottom expenditure.
3, * * * the whole process of supervision and management. * * * Cooperation with social capital involves the whole life cycle of project establishment, preparation, procurement, implementation and handover. Different from the traditional one-off project approval of * * * investment and financing, it is necessary to continuously supervise the service quality and price subsidy of the whole life cycle of the project, and at the same time incorporate the payment responsibility of * * * into the medium-and long-term planning and asset-liability management to ensure the cross-year budget arrangement of the project.
4. Institutionalization of project risk sharing. * * * Share the benefits and risks with social capital, which is clearly stipulated in the project contract. In principle, social capital bears commercial risks such as project design, construction, financing, operation and maintenance; Policy, legal and minimum demand risks shall be borne by * * * *; Risks such as force majeure shall be reasonably shared by * * and social capital.
Question: What conditions do social capital investors need in ppp? Domestic and foreign enterprise legal persons with modern enterprise system, but excluding financing platform companies owned by * * * and other holding state-owned enterprises.
The bidding documents for specific projects will stipulate that if there are relevant qualifications and achievements.
Question 8: How to make social capital invest in peace of mind and increase publicity.
Let everyone know about the company's project progress and operation.
In fact, the requirement of listing work is publicity. So they publish financial reports every six months.
It means no one is paying attention. Later, the information became more and more unclear.
Question 9: What is qualified social capital? Social capital refers to domestic and foreign enterprise legal persons who have established a modern enterprise system, but it does not include financing platform companies owned by * * * and other holding state-owned enterprises. In addition, the National Development and Reform Commission promulgated the "General Contract Guide for * * * and Social Capital Cooperation Projects", which describes that the social capital entities that sign project contracts should be qualified state-owned enterprises, private enterprises, foreign-invested enterprises, mixed-ownership enterprises, or other investment and business entities.
There are two dimensions to judge whether social capital is qualified.
Judging from the asset characteristics of PPP projects and the participation of all parties in the whole life cycle, PPP projects can be roughly divided into the following types: 1. Roads, airports, ports, railways and other projects with fixed assets as the main input; 2. Projects such as garbage disposal and water treatment based on the requirements or inputs of core technologies or equipment systems; 3. Public facilities projects with operational service capacity requirements, such as hospitals and pension projects. However, rail transit projects often have the above three characteristics, and the requirements for comprehensive capabilities are very high in terms of asset investment, technical equipment, operation and maintenance. PPP projects should choose social capital or social capital consortium with different abilities according to different project characteristics. The core principle of risk sharing and benefit sharing in PPP projects is reflected in the matching of social capital and project characteristics, that is, whether social capital has the ability to cope with risks at all stages of the project life cycle, or whether the composition structure of social capital consortium can make up and optimize the ability to cope with risks, which is the core element and the first dimension to judge qualified social capital.
For any single project, the social capital that can meet the bidding conditions of PPP projects is the "qualified" social capital! This is the second dimension to judge qualified social capital. The final choice of social capital depends entirely on the bidding conditions set based on the transaction structure, implementation plan and risk allocation of the project. What kind of fruit will be put in the basket. Therefore, for a real PPP project, it only makes sense if the two dimensions of the eligibility criteria completely coincide. If the starting point of the project itself is not to attract social capital to participate in the investment, operation and management of public goods and services, and to improve the supply capacity and efficiency of public goods and services, then it is of course difficult to say that the selected social capital is qualified.