The company's annual report is the balance sheet at the end of the year, which is December 31. The income statement is the financial accounting statement for the year. The difference between the monthly report and the report is changed to the opening amount (previous year's amount) and the ending amount. (Number of current year), there are two more tables: statement of changes in owner's equity and cash flow statement.

1. Filling in the items of the balance sheet (1) Filling in the numbers at the beginning of the year. The numbers in the "Beginning Amount" column of the report are based on the "Ending Amount" column of the balance sheet at the end of the previous year. Fill in the numbers listed.

If the names and contents of each item in the current year's balance sheet are inconsistent with those of the previous year, the names and figures of each item in the balance sheet at the end of the previous year should be adjusted according to the current year's caliber and filled in " Beginning of the Year" column.

(2) Contents and filling methods of other items in the report: 1. The "monetary funds" item reflects the total amount of corporate cash on hand, bank settlement account deposits, out-of-town deposits, bank draft deposits, bank cashier's check deposits and funds in transit.

2. The "short-term investment" project reflects various securities purchased by the enterprise that can be cashed at any time and held for no more than one year, as well as other investments that do not exceed one year.

3． The "notes receivable" item reflects the notes receivable received by the enterprise that have not yet been receivable and have not been discounted to the bank, including commercial acceptance bills and bank acceptance bills.

4. The "accounts receivable" item reflects the various amounts that an enterprise should collect from purchasing units for selling products and providing services.

5. The "Bad Debt Provision" item reflects the enterprise's provision for bad debts that have not yet been written off.

6. The "prepaid accounts" item reflects the amount paid in advance by the enterprise to the supply unit.

7. The "subsidy receivable" item reflects various subsidies receivable by the enterprise.

8. The "other receivables" item reflects the company's receivables and temporary payments to other units and individuals.

9． The "inventory" item reflects the actual cost of the enterprise's various inventories in storage, in transit, and in processing at the end of the period, including raw materials, packaging, low-value consumables, self-made semi-finished products, finished products, and goods issued for payment in installments, etc.

10. The "prepaid expenses" item reflects the expenses that the enterprise has paid but should be amortized in subsequent installments.

The enterprise's start-up expenses, rented fixed asset improvement and overhaul expenses, and other deferred expenses with an amortization period of more than one year should be reflected in the "deferred assets" item of this table and are not included in within the project numbers.

11． The "net loss of current assets to be processed" item reflects the net loss after deducting the profit from the loss and damage of current assets found by the enterprise in the inventory of assets that have yet to be written off or otherwise processed.

12． The "other current assets" item reflects the actual cost of the company's other current assets in addition to the above current assets items.

13. "Long-term investment" projects reflect investments that the company is not prepared to realize within one year.

Bonds that will mature within one year in long-term investments should be reflected separately in the "long-term bond investments that mature within one year" under the current asset category.

14. The "Original Price of Fixed Assets" item and the "Accumulated Depreciation" item reflect the original price and accumulated depreciation of various fixed assets of the enterprise.

Before the property rights of fixed assets leased under financing are determined, their original prices and depreciation charges are also included.

The original price of fixed assets leased by finance shall be separately reflected in the supplementary information at the bottom of this table.

15． The "fixed assets liquidation" project reflects the net value of the fixed assets that have been transferred to liquidation but have not yet been liquidated due to sales, damage, scrapping, etc., as well as the fixed assets liquidation. 2. How to read the balance sheet The balance sheet reflects the company on a specific date (Month-end, year-end) accounting statements of all assets, liabilities and owners' equity.

Its basic structure is "Assets = Liabilities Owner's Equity".

No matter what state the company is in, this accounting balance is always the same.

The left side reflects the resources owned by the company; the right side reflects the requirements of the company's different rights holders for these resources.

Creditors can claim all the resources of the company. The company uses all its assets to bear repayment obligations to different creditors. After paying off all liabilities, what remains is the owner's equity, that is, the company's net assets. .

We can use the information on the balance sheet to see the distribution of the company's assets, the composition of liabilities and owner's equity, and evaluate whether the company's capital operations and financial structure are normal and reasonable; analyze the company's Liquidity or liquidity, as well as the amount of long-term and short-term debt and solvency, evaluate the company's ability to bear risks; using the information provided in this table can also help calculate the company's profitability and evaluate the company's operating performance.

When analyzing the elements of the balance sheet, we should first pay attention to the analysis of asset elements, including: 1. Analysis of current assets.

Analyze the company's cash, various deposits, short-term investments, various receivables and payables, inventory, etc.

Current assets have increased compared with previous years, indicating that the company's payment and liquidity capabilities have increased.

2 Long-term investment analysis.

Analyze investments with a term of more than one year, such as company holdings, implementation of diversified operations, etc.

The increase in long-term investment indicates that the company's growth prospects are promising.

3 Fixed assets analysis.

This is an analysis of physical assets.

The fixed asset figures listed on the balance sheet only represent the amount of each fixed asset that has not yet been depreciated or depleted under the conditions of continuing operations and is expected to be recovered gradually in the future periods. Therefore, we should Pay special attention to whether depreciation and losses are reasonable or not will directly affect the accuracy of the balance sheet, income statement and other statements.

Obviously, less mention of depreciation will increase current profits.

More mentions of depreciation will reduce current profits, and some companies often lay the groundwork for this.

4 Analysis of intangible assets.

Mainly analyze trademark rights, copyrights, land use rights, non-patented technology, goodwill, patent rights, etc.

Goodwill and other unidentified intangible assets are generally not recorded unless the goodwill is formed during a purchase or merger.

After acquiring intangible assets, they should be registered and amortized within the specified period.

Secondly, it is necessary to analyze the liability elements, including two aspects: 1. Current liability analysis.

All current liabilities should be recorded according to the actual amount incurred. The key to analysis is to avoid omissions. All liabilities should be reflected in the balance sheet.

2 Long-term liability analysis.

Including long-term loans, bonds payable, long-term payables, etc.

Since long-term liabilities have different forms, attention should be paid to analyzing and understanding the situation of the company’s creditors.

The last is the analysis of shareholders' equity, including four aspects: share capital, capital reserve, surplus reserve and undistributed profits.

Analyzing shareholders' equity mainly involves understanding the different forms and equity structures of capital invested in shareholders' equity, and understanding the priority order of repayment of various elements in shareholders' equity.

When looking at the balance sheet, it should be combined with the income statement, which mainly involves capital profit and inventory turnover rate. The former is an indicator of profitability, and the latter is an indicator of operating capacity.

3. How to read the income statement. The income statement is prepared based on "revenue - expenses = profit". It mainly reflects the company's net income after subtracting operating expenses from the company's operating income within a certain period of time.

Through the income statement, we can generally evaluate the operating performance and management success of listed companies, thereby evaluating the investment value and remuneration of investors.

The income statement includes two aspects: First, it reflects the company's income and expenses, indicating the company's profit or loss amount in a certain period, and based on it, it analyzes the company's economic benefits and profitability, and evaluates the company's management. Performance; the other part reflects the source of the company's financial results, explaining the proportion of the company's various profit sources in the total profit, and the interrelationship between these sources.

To analyze the income statement, we mainly start from two aspects: 1. Analysis of income items.

Companies obtain various operating income by selling products and providing services. They can also provide resources to others to obtain non-operating income such as rent and interest.

An increase in income means an increase in the company's assets or a decrease in liabilities.

What is recorded in the income account includes cash income, notes receivable or accounts receivable received in the current period, which are recorded at the actual amount received or book value.

2. Cost item analysis.

Expenses are deductions from income. Whether the confirmation and deduction of expenses are correct or not is directly related to the company's profit.

So when analyzing expense items, you should first pay attention to whether the content included in the expenses is appropriate. When confirming expenses, you should implement the accrual basis principle, the historical cost principle, the principle of dividing revenue expenditures and capital expenditures, etc.

Secondly, it is necessary to analyze the structure and change trend of cost expenses, analyze the percentage of each expense in operating income, analyze whether the expense structure is reasonable, and identify the reasons for unreasonable expenses.

At the same time, analyze each item of expenses to see the increase or decrease trend of each item, so as to determine the company's management level and financial status, and predict the company's development prospects.

When looking at the income statement, it should be linked to the financial statement of the listed company.

It mainly explains the company’s production and operation status; profit realization and distribution; accounts receivable and inventory turnover; changes in various property and materials; tax payment status; expected impact on the company in the next accounting period Matters that have a significant impact on changes in financial status.

The financial statement provides detailed information for financial analysis to understand and evaluate the company's financial status.

How to read the cash flow statement The cash flow statement is a statement that reflects the cash inflow and outflow information of a listed company.

The cash here refers not only to the company's cash in the safe of the accounting department, but also includes bank deposits, short-term securities investments, and other monetary funds.

The cash flow statement can tell us the cash receipts and expenditures generated by the company's operating activities, investing activities and financing activities, as well as the net increase in cash flow, thus helping us analyze the company's liquidity and payment ability. , and then grasp the company's viability, development ability and ability to adapt to market changes.

The cash flow of municipal companies can be divided into the following five aspects: 1. Cash flow from operating activities: reflects the cash inflow, outflow and net flow caused by the company to carry out normal business, such as Commodity sales revenue, export tax rebates, etc. increase cash inflows, and purchasing raw materials, paying taxes and personnel wages increase cash outflows, etc.; 2. Cash flow from investing activities: reflects the company's acquisition and disposal of securities investments, fixed assets and intangibles Cash receipts and payments activities and results caused by assets and other activities, such as cash income from selling factories, cash outflows caused by external investments such as purchasing stocks and bonds, etc.; 3. Cash flow from financing activities: refers to the company's process of raising funds The cash receipts and expenditures activities and results caused by them, such as absorbing equity, distributing dividends, issuing bonds, obtaining loans and returning loans, etc.; 4. Cash flow generated by extraordinary items: refers to the cash flow caused by abnormal economic activities, such as accepting Donations or donations to others, fines, cash receipts and payments, etc.; 5. Investment and financing activities that do not involve cash receipts and payments: This is a type of information that is very important to shareholders. Although these activities will not cause cash receipts and payments in the current period, they will It will have a very significant impact on future cash flows.

Such activities are mainly reflected in the supplementary information column, such as using foreign investment to repay debts, using fixed assets to invest abroad, etc.

The cash flow statement is mainly analyzed from three aspects: 1. Changes in net cash flow and short-term solvency.

If the current net cash flow increases, it indicates that the company's short-term solvency is enhanced and its financial situation is improved; otherwise, it indicates that the company's financial situation is relatively difficult.

Of course, it is not that the bigger the net cash flow, the better. If the company's net cash flow is too large, it means that the company has failed to effectively utilize this part of the funds, which is actually a waste of resources.

2. The structure of cash inflow and the company’s long-term stability.

Operating activities are the company’s main business. The cash flow provided by such activities can be continuously used for investment and regeneration of new cash. The more cash flow from the main business, the better the company’s development. The stability will be stronger.

The company’s investment activities are to find investment places for idle funds, while financing activities are to raise funds for operating activities. The cash flows generated by these two activities are auxiliary and serve the main business. of.

The cash flow in this part is too large, indicating that the company lacks financial stability.

3. Cash flows generated from investing activities and financing activities and the company’s future development.

When analyzing investment activities, investors must pay attention to analyzing whether it is internal investment or external investment.

An increase in the cash outflow of inward investment means an increase in fixed assets, intangible assets, etc., indicating that the company is expanding, and such a company has better growth potential; if the cash flow of inward investment increases significantly, It means that the company's normal operating activities have not been able to fully absorb existing funds, and the efficiency of fund utilization needs to be improved; the cash inflow from external investment has increased significantly, which means that the company's existing funds cannot meet its operating needs, and funds have been introduced from outside; If the cash outflow of external investment increases significantly, it means that the company is making profits through non-main business activities.