unit 1 map topic

1. The longitude changes gradually: the east degree increases to east longitude, and the west degree increases to west longitude.

2. Gradual change of latitude: the degree to the north increases to the north latitude, and the degree to the south increases to the south latitude.

3. The shape and length of the parallel lines: the equator is the longest latitude circle, which gradually shortens towards the poles.

4. the shape and length of the meridian: all the meridians are semicircles intersecting the north and south poles, and the length is equal.

5. judgment of east and west longitude: east longitude increases and west longitude decreases along the rotation direction.

6. judgment of north and south latitudes: the degree increases to north latitude and south latitude.

7. division of the eastern and western hemispheres: 2 w to 16 e is the eastern hemisphere, and 2 w to 16 e is the western hemisphere.

8. judgment of east-west direction: the law of bad arc (for example, 8 east longitude is in the east of 1 east longitude and 17 west longitude)

9. scale size and graphic range: the larger the scale, the smaller the range; The smaller the scale, the larger the range.

1. Determination of the direction on the map: in general, "north up and south down, left west and right east"; A map with a beacon, and the arrow pointing to the beacon points to the north;

a map of latitude and longitude, in which the longitude indicates the north-south direction and the latitude indicates the east-west direction.

11. Density of contour lines: The denser contour lines in the same picture, the steeper the slope; The denser the isobar, the greater the wind force; The denser the isotherm, the greater the temperature difference

12. Convexity and topography of the contour line: the place where the contour line protrudes to the high place is the valley, and the place where it protrudes to the low place is the ridge.

13. Convexity of contour lines and rivers: the protruding direction of contour lines is opposite to the flow direction of rivers.

14. Convex direction of isotherm and ocean current: the protruding direction of isotherm is the same as the flow direction of ocean current.

unit 2 earth movement special topic

1. categories of celestial bodies: nebulae, stars, meteors, comets, planets, satellites, gas and dust in interstellar space, etc.

2. The hierarchy of celestial bodies: total galaxy-Milky Way galaxy (galaxy outside Yinhe River)-solar system-Earth-Moon system

3. Planets are classified according to their characteristics: terrestrial planets (water, earth, fire), giant planets (wood) and distant planets (sky and sea).

4. Moon: (1) The front of the moon always faces the earth, and it also changes day and night.

(2) There is no atmosphere, so the temperature difference between day and night on the surface of the moon is large, and there are many craters, so there is no sound or wind.

(3) There are mountains, plains (that is, the moon sea) and volcanoes on the surface of the moon.

5. Reasons for the existence of life on earth: stable lighting conditions, safe cosmic environment, suitable atmosphere and temperature, and liquid water.

6. The external structure of the sun and its corresponding solar activities: photosphere (sunspot), chromosphere (flare) and corona (solar wind).

7. Solar activities-sunspots (signs), flares (the most intense), the change cycle of sunspots is 11 years.

8. The influence of solar activity: sunspot-climate, flare-ionosphere-radio communication, charged particle flow-magnetic field-magnetic storm

9. The influence of solar radiation: ① the main driving force to maintain the surface temperature and promote the water, atmosphere and biological activities and changes on the earth.

② Solar energy is our daily energy.

1. direction of rotation: from west to east, it is counterclockwise when viewed from the north pole and clockwise when viewed from the south pole

speed: ① linear speed (decreasing from equator to zero) ② angular speed (equal everywhere except the two poles)

period: ① sidereal day (real period of 23h56m4s) ② solar day (at 24 o'clock, Day-night alternation week)

Significance: ① Day-night alternation ② Different places with different longitudes ③ Deviation of horizontally moving objects (north, right, south and left)

11. terminator line: along the rotation direction, the night turns into the morning line, and the day turns into the faint line (the altitude angle of the sun on terminator line is degrees).

12. terminator line and meridian: terminator line coincides with meridian-vernal equinox; The intersection angle between terminator line and the meridian is the largest-summer solstice and winter solstice

13. Time calculation: required time = known time plus local time difference+en-route time

14, time zone = longitude/15 (rounded if not divisible), local time difference = time zone difference

15, universal time: based on the prime meridian (universal time)

16. date division: the longitude line from zero to east (18) is "today" on the earth, and the longitude line from west to day is "yesterday".

17. Datum line: the date of crossing the date line from west to east (not completely passing through the 18 meridian) is reduced by one day, and the date of crossing from east to west is increased by one day.

18. Location selection of satellite launch base:

Natural factors (① meteorological conditions require sunny weather; ② initial speed of earth rotation: depending on latitude and topography; ③ flat and open terrain);

human factors (vast territory and sparsely populated, convenient transportation, meeting the needs of national defense security).

① Taiyuan: strong technical force; ② Jiuquan: continental climate with many sunny days; ③ Xichang has low latitude and high initial launch speed;

④ Wenchang, Hainan: low latitude and high initial launch speed; Convenient shipping.

19. Revolution speed: high in early January-perihelion-and slow in early July-apohelion;

significance: ① the change of the length of day and night ② the change of the height of the sun at noon ③ the change of seasons ④ the formation of five zones

2, Revolution and rotation form the ecliptic angle (23 26'):

① the existence of the ecliptic angle-the movement of the direct point of the sun-the change of the length of day and night and the height of the sun at noon-the existence of the ecliptic angle in the four seasons-the movement of the direct point of the sun-the seasonal movement of the wind belt in the pressure belt-the formation of the Mediterranean climate and the tropical grassland climate < If the Huang Chi angle becomes smaller, the tropical zone and the cold zone become smaller, and the temperate zone becomes larger < P > If the ecliptic angle is zero, the sun will always shine directly at the equator, and the global day and night will be equally divided, and the Mediterranean climate and the tropical grassland climate will disappear.

21. Variation law of noon sun height: ① decreasing from the direct point to the north and south sides

② Calculation of noon sun height = 9 —△ (latitude interval between the direct point and the sought point)

③ The noon height angle in the area north of the Tropic of Cancer on the summer solstice is the maximum in a year and the minimum in the southern hemisphere in a year;

On the winter solstice, the noon height angle in the area south of the Tropic of Capricorn is the maximum and the northern hemisphere is the minimum.

④ The area between the Tropic of Cancer-there are two direct opportunities-two maximum values

⑤ The higher the latitude, the smaller the noonday sun altitude angle and the larger the building spacing.

22. Time distribution of the length of day and night:

① In which hemisphere is the point of direct sunlight, which hemisphere has long days and short nights, and in the northern hemisphere in summer, the point of direct sunlight is in the northern hemisphere, which has long days and short nights.

② When the sun's direct point moves to which hemisphere, the days in this hemisphere become longer, with the longest days on June 22nd and the shortest days on December 22nd in the northern hemisphere.

③ The maximum day length between the tropic of cancer and the maximum noon sun height angle do not appear on the same day, such as Haikou City.

23. Latitudinal distribution of the length of day and night:

In the northern hemisphere, the days are long and the nights are short, and the days are longer as you go north (the earlier the sunrise, the later it will set), such as Beijing > Shanghai > Guangzhou

In the northern hemisphere, the days are short and the nights are long, and the days are longer as you go south (the earlier the sunrise, the later it will set). For example, Haikou > Guangzhou > Shanghai,

24. Day length = sunset time-sunrise time; Day length =24 hours-night length

sunrise time = 12: -day length /2 (or : +night length /2); The sunrise time of the point on the equator is 6:

and the sunset time is 12: +day length /2 (or 24: -night length/2); The sunset time of the point on the equator is 18: 18：

25. The earth is a non-luminous, opaque sphere-the globe with day and night phenomenon < P > The globe with rotation-the alternation of day and night (the rotation speed period affects the temperature difference between day and night) < P > The revolving globe with tilt of the earth-the movement of the direct point, the change of the sun height at noon and the length of day and night-the four seasons and five zones < P > Typical seasonal phenomena

geographical phenomena Time and season

Northern Hemisphere Summer Half Year Northern Hemisphere Winter Half Year

Earth's revolution in early July, near the apohelion, the angular velocity and linear velocity of the earth's revolution are the slowest in early January, near the perihelion, the angular velocity and linear velocity of the earth's revolution are the fastest

At noon, the sun height is around June 22nd, reaching the maximum in the north of the Tropic of Cancer, and the minimum in the equator and southern hemisphere on December 22nd. It is the largest in the south of Tropic of Capricorn, and the smallest in the equator and the northern hemisphere < P >. The day and night are long and the night is short, and the extreme day and night are long in the Arctic Circle, and the extreme night is < P > in the Arctic Circle. On the contrary, the ocean

pressure belt and wind belt move northward with the direct point of the sun and southward with the direct point of the sun

snowline snowline rises and snowline falls

The ocean current in the northern Indian Ocean is influenced by southwest monsoon, clockwise by northeast monsoon, and counterclockwise

The precipitation in China is influenced by Li Feng in summer, but it is influenced by Li Feng in winter, and the precipitation is less

The rivers in China melt snow and ice due to high temperature. Influenced by the summer monsoon, most of the outflow rivers enter the flood season, and most of the northeast regions enter the dry season in spring and summer. The rivers north of the Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains have ice period, and some rivers are cut off.

The monsoon in China is influenced by the summer monsoon from the ocean, and it is hot and rainy in most parts of the country, and it is cold and rainy.

The agricultural production in China is generally high, and crops enter the growing season. Crop ripening gradually changes from three crops a year to three crops a year to one crop a year from south to north. Most crops in the north are in the wintering period, and the tropical areas in the south are abundant in water and heat, which can produce anti-season vegetables and melons

meteorological disasters such as drought and flood (spring drought in North China and summer drought in the Yangtze River), rainstorm, typhoon (strong wind, rainstorm and storm surge) cold wave, sandstorm, drought and snowstorm

geological disasters and landslides. ② The atmospheric convection motion (12km) is significant; ③ The weather is complicated and changeable.

2. Characteristics of stratosphere: ① Temperature increases with height; (2) the atmosphere is stable, mainly horizontal motion, which is conducive to high-altitude flight.

3. Thermal process of the atmosphere: solar radiation-ground warming-ground radiation-atmospheric warming-atmospheric (inverse) radiation-atmospheric heat preservation

4. Weakening effect of the atmosphere on solar radiation: absorption, reflection and scattering.

5. Relationship between solar radiation (illumination) and weather and topography: sunny weather, high terrain and thin air make the illumination stronger;

The distribution of solar energy in China is the highest in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the lowest in Sichuan Basin.

6. Thermal insulation effect of the atmosphere: it strongly absorbs long-wave radiation on the ground and returns heat to the ground through atmospheric inverse radiation.

7. Temperature and weather: it is cloudy during the day, and the temperature is not high (the reflection of clouds is strong); It is cloudy at night and the temperature is high (strong atmospheric inverse radiation).

8. Vertical distribution of temperature: tropospheric temperature decreases with the increase of altitude

9. Horizontal distribution of temperature: ① Latitude distribution: the higher the latitude, the lower the temperature, and the region with the richest heat in China: Hainan Island

② Land and sea distribution: land in summer > ocean in winter > land;

③ In places with high temperature, the isotherm protrudes to the high latitude, whereas in places with low temperature, the isotherm protrudes to the low latitude.

1. Temperature annual range: ① Influencing factors: thermal properties of land and sea; Water status of surface vegetation; How much sex and rain.

② Variation law: inland > coastal, continental climate > maritime climate, bare land > grassland > woodland > lake, sunny day > cloudy day.

11. Characteristics of thermodynamic circulation

(1) The place adjacent to the ground in the horizontal direction is hot-vertical airflow rising-low pressure (cyclone)-rainy

(2) The place adjacent to the ground in the horizontal direction is cold-vertical airflow sinking-high pressure (anticyclone)-sunny

(3) Vertical direction.

(4) air flow from low latitudes-warm and wet (5) air flow from high latitudes-cold and dry

(6) air flow from the ocean-wet (7) air flow from the mainland (off-land wind)-dry

(8) Two air flows with different properties meet-front-rainy and rainy. On the contrary, when the temperature is low, the air near the ground contracts and sinks, and high pressure is formed on the ground.

13. Formation of wind: the horizontal motion of the atmosphere is called wind, and the gradient force of horizontal pressure is the direct cause of wind formation. The denser the isobar, the greater the wind speed.

14. Wind direction: (1) Wind direction-the direction of the wind;

(2) Determine the wind direction according to the distribution of isobars: Take the right figure as an example to draw the wind direction at point A and its stress

① Determine the direction of the leveling pressure gradient force: perpendicular to the isobars and pointing from high pressure to low pressure

② Determine the direction of the geostrophic deflection force: perpendicular to the wind direction, with the northern hemisphere leaning to the right and the southern hemisphere leaning to the left

③ The near ground is affected by friction (the direction is opposite to the wind direction), and the wind direction.

the wind near the ground is influenced by the pressure gradient force, geostrophic deflection force and friction force, and the wind direction forms an included angle with the isobar.

16. Front and weather (cold and warm air masses move horizontally and meet)

① The cold front passes through the rain area behind the front, and there is rain, snow and cooling weather. After crossing the border, the air pressure increased, the temperature plummeted and the weather turned fine;

② The warm front transit rain area is in front of the front, and most of it is continuous precipitation. After crossing the border, the temperature rose, the air pressure dropped and the weather turned fine.

17. The main front affecting the weather in China is the cold front, such as the rainstorm in summer in northern China, the cold wave in winter in China and the sandstorm in winter and spring.

18. Barometric system and weather (the same air mass moves vertically):

① The vertical airflow of cyclone (low pressure) rises, and the weather is rainy. ② The vertical airflow of anticyclone (high pressure) sinks and the weather is fine;

19. Three-circle circulation and wind belt of pressure belt:

① Three-circle circulation (vertical distribution)

Draw the circle diagram of three-circle circulation on the right

② Pressure belt and wind belt (horizontal distribution)

Draw the distribution diagram of pressure belt and wind belt on the right

("left north and south") < p

The red flag of the Yellow River research station is floating to the southwest, and the window should avoid the northeast.

2. the movement of pressure belt and wind belt: it moves with the movement of the direct point of the sun.