what are the items of judicial expertise? As follows: 1. Identification of documents and seals; 1. Identification of handwriting, signature, 2. Identification of adding, adding, painting and modifying documents; 3. Identification of signatures and seals in sequence; 4. Identification of forged seals and seals; 6. Identification of writing materials such as paper, ink and printing oil; 2. Identification of parent-child relationship; 3. Forensic clinical identification; 1. Identification of damage degree: minor injury, serious injury and slight injury. 2. Identification of the degree of disability: traffic accident disability, industrial injury disability, accidental injury disability, intentional injury disability; 3. Causality identification: refers to the identification of the relationship between injury and disease; 4. Judicial appraisal of medical disputes: whether the medical behavior is at fault and whether there is a causal relationship with the patient's death or disability; 5. Appraisal of insurance claims: whether accidental disability, serious illness and total disability meet the requirements of insurance claims; 6. Evaluation of lost time after injury: reasonable judgment of rest time after injury; 7. Identification of nursing dependence: evaluation of nursing dependence after injury and disability; 8. Inference of injury or analysis of loss mechanism: infer injury from injury form or analyze the formation mechanism of injury; 9. Post-treatment project evaluation: evaluation of whether the injury needs secondary surgery and medical dependence after treatment; 1. Medical expenses review: review of the rationality of medical expenses paid after injury; 11. Bone age identification: whether it has reached adult age; 12. Identification of sexual function: whether it is possible to have sex, male infertility, female infertility and other reasons. Iv. Forensic material evidence identification The DNA typing test of biological samples such as blood stains, hair, sperm spots, saliva spots, bone fragments and teeth in criminal cases and traffic accidents is used to identify individuals and determine their identities. Five, forensic pathology identification of the cause of death identification, death mode identification, medical disputes, corpse surface inspection, autopsy, etc. Six, forensic toxicology identification of all kinds of food, drugs, medicines, pesticides poisoning, all kinds of toxic animal and plant poisoning, gas poisoning, etc. Seven, trace material evidence identification of all kinds of nonmetal, metal composition identification.