a city, a building, gives people a sense of appearance, that is, color. The progress of an era and the evolution of a city reflect the popularity of urban architectural colors.
Tang dynasty: the color reflects the grade
According to architect Henry Hui Wang, the architectural color in China initially reflected the natural function. Before the Tang dynasty, there was no color, but the natural color of the material was the highlight. By the Tang Dynasty, the architecture had a unified planning, and the architecture was under the control of the Ministry of Rites, and there was a division of hierarchy. The buildings in the Tang Dynasty all used the combination of vermilion and white, which produced bright, pleasing, concise and lively color beauty.
Yellow has become a special color for the royal family, yellow and red tones are used in palaces and monasteries, red, cyan and blue are the official colors of the palace, and only black, gray and white can be used in private houses. It can be said that the Tang Dynasty used color to safeguard the interests of the ruling class.
The buildings in the Tang Dynasty are magnificent, simple in shape and vigorous in posture. During this period, the application of bricks was more extensive, the firing of colored glaze was more advanced, and the comparison of building components gradually became stereotyped. The Tang Dynasty was the heyday of architectural development in the history of China. The main halls of nanzenji and Bukkoji in Wutai Mountain have been preserved completely, and many of them have not been preserved and recorded in murals. In addition, stupas are spread all over the country, and the architectural components with thick and straight, simple style and strong and rich beauty make the decorative art of Datang attractive.
Straight lattice windows prevailed in the Tang Dynasty, and the patterns on the window lattice included turtle brocade patterns and dense ball patterns. There are often murals on indoor walls, and the ceiling form is very simple. At this time, "halo" was initially used in the composition of color paintings, which had a certain enlightenment effect on the color paintings in Song Dynasty, which were based on the principle of opposing halo and returning halo. In the use of patterns, in addition to lotus petals, long and narrow lace is often rolled with grass to form a ribbon pattern, or characters are mixed in the rolled grass pattern. These patterns are not only rich in composition, but also smooth and beautiful in lines. They are also often arranged alternately with semi-balls and whole balls, as well as rich decorative patterns such as palindromes, beaded patterns, tassels, flame patterns and flying immortals.
Song Dynasty: Color reflects the mainstream
Tang and Song Dynasties come down in one continuous line, and architecture in Song Dynasty is the inheritance and development of architecture in Tang Dynasty. With the extensive use of paint and the influence of Indian Buddhism, the color of the building is highlighted as red. The colors of this period reflected the mainstream culture at that time. Song Dynasty likes stable, simple, light and elegant tones, which is caused by the social thought of Song Dynasty based on Confucian rationalism and Zen philosophy.
The architectural specifications of the Song Dynasty are generally smaller than those of the Tang Dynasty, but they are more beautiful, gorgeous and varied than those of the Tang Dynasty, and various complex forms of halls, attics and platforms have emerged.
The architecture of the Song Dynasty was greatly influenced by the Tang Dynasty, mainly represented by halls, pagodas and tomb buildings. Decorations were mostly painted, carved, glazed tiles, etc., and building components began to be standardized, and there were architectural summary works such as Wood Classics and Building French Style. The organic combination of decoration and architecture is a major feature of the Song Dynasty. The decorative scale of the temple tower is reasonable, and the shape is complete and vigorous. Tiger hill in Suzhou and Renshou Tower in Quanzhou are both typical works. The stone carvings in Zhaoling and the patterns in the tomb are full of vigor and richness, which is of guiding significance to the later development of folk patterns.
In terms of decoration, a large number of openable doors and windows were used in buildings during this period, which not only changed the appearance of the building, but also improved the indoor ventilation and lighting compared with the plate doors and straight windows in Tang and Liao dynasties. The Sumeru in the lower part of the house and the Buddha in the Buddhist temple are mostly made of stone, with rich and colorful compositions and exquisite carvings. The forms and carvings of column foundations tend to be diversified. In addition to circular, square and octagonal columns, there are also melon-shaped columns, and a large number of stone columns are used, and the surface of the columns is often engraved with various patterns. At the same time, the indoor space is enlarged, giving people a cheerful and lively feeling. The roof is covered with glazed tiles, or glazed tiles are matched with green tiles to form a trimming roof. The proportion, composition and color of color painting and decoration have achieved certain artistic effects, so the architecture at that time gave people a soft and brilliant impression.
Yuan Dynasty: Beautiful and gorgeous style
Palace buildings in Yuan Dynasty also inherited the tradition since Tang and Song Dynasties. After Yuan Dynasty, the decorative patterns tended to be plain and realistic, and the colors and patterns of palace buildings were carefully studied, with beautiful and gorgeous styles.
The Song Dynasty died and prospered. The architecture was once influenced by foreign artisans, mainly northern artisans. Its architectural structure was bold and rough, and its artistic style was wild and uninhibited. In Yuan Dynasty, there were many nationalities, and each nationality had different religions and cultures. Through mutual communication, some new factors were added to the art of traditional architecture. At this time, religious buildings were quite developed, and many lamaist temples and towers were built from Tibet to Dadu, bringing some new decorative themes and new techniques of sculpture and mural painting. Islamic worship temples have been built one after another in Dadu, Xinjiang, Yunnan and some cities in the southeast, and they have begun to combine with China's architecture to form an independent style, and the decoration and color have gradually merged. The crossing tower is another building type of Lamaism. The Yuntai in Beijing is the most famous. On the coupon stone of Yuntai and the inner wall of the coupon cave, there are Tibetan patterns such as gods, golden winged birds, dragons and clouds and scriptures in six languages. These sculptures are all high reliefs, the figures' postures and expressions are very vigorous, and all kinds of patterns have a lively and jumping warm atmosphere, which is different from the traditional style of Han nationality and is an excellent work in Yuan Dynasty sculpture. The sculpture theme and techniques of Lamaism have had a great influence on the architectural art of Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially on the official architecture.
Ming dynasty: colorful and pleasing to the eye
Nanjing was founded in the early Ming dynasty, mainly relying on Jiangnan craftsmen. Yongle moved its capital to Beijing, and the construction of Beijing Palace was also dominated by southern craftsmen. The architecture in the Ming Dynasty was rigorous, beautiful, delicate and elegant, which was quite the style of Jiangnan art. It was only after the rendering of royal nobles, and it was huge in size and strong in color, so it was far from the elegant and elegant style in Jiangnan. But its root system is similar to that of Jiangnan architecture. The production of bricks has increased greatly, and the quantity and quality of glazed tiles have surpassed those of any previous dynasty. Official architecture has been highly standardized and stereotyped. The main part of the house, that is, the part that can often get sunshine, is generally warm, especially vermilion; For the shaded part, use a cool color matching green and blue. In this way, the warmth of the sun and the shade of the shadow are emphasized, forming a pleasing contrast. The use of color was restricted by the hierarchy in feudal society. In general civil residential buildings, blue-gray brick walls and tile roofs are mostly used, and beams and doors and windows are mostly made of natural wood, which is also very elegant.
during the Ming and Qing dynasties, Tibetan and Mongolian Lamaism architecture further developed on the basis of the Yuan Dynasty. There are some relatively complete and qualitative decorative techniques in temple buildings, which makes the appearance of many buildings in the temple have the same artistic characteristics. The wall is very thick, with a large partition and small windows, so the building looks magnificent and strong. A large number of horizontal ribbons on the eaves and walls give people a multi-layered feeling. These characteristics increase the sense of scale of architecture in art. In terms of color and decoration, a comparative approach is adopted. According to the doctrine, the churches and towers are painted white, the Buddhist temples are painted red, the white walls are painted with black window frames, red wooden porches and brown ribbons, and the red walls are mainly painted with white and brown ribbons. The roof part and decorative belt are decorated with gold plating, or the roof is decorated with gold plating. The sharp contrast between these decorations and colors helps to highlight the importance of religious architecture.
Islamic architecture in the Ming and Qing dynasties was represented by the Uighur worship temple and Mazha. The combination of window bars in this kind of building uses various exquisite geometric patterns. There are many kinds of Uygur architectural decoration, and the most outstanding one is the combination of tile, plaster flower decoration, color painting and window sash. Many kinds of decoration are often used comprehensively to form a gorgeous and meticulous artistic atmosphere.
Qing Dynasty: Paint color painting prevailed
By the Qing Dynasty, the use of colors became more and more complicated, and the decoration of buildings became more and more prominent. The most prominent thing in this period was "paint color painting". A series of contents related to architectural culture have been formed around color painting, and some function of color painting has evolved into decoration. In the late Qing Dynasty, the hierarchical system polarized the color of buildings, and artistic expression lay in the content requirements. For example, the palace is the most important and the color is the strongest; Tanmiao, Mausoleum and Temple are in turn, and the intensity of color is decreasing. Folk houses are the most common and the colors are the simplest. For example, the color of the Forbidden City in Beijing is red and yellow, and some important buildings around it are red, while the houses are green, while other Beijing buildings are mostly gray.
architectural decoration in Ming and Qing dynasties is the last peak in the history of ancient architecture in China. Many large-scale palaces and mausoleums have been built, which are excellent in quantity and quality, and profound in decorative style, reflecting the prestige of imperial power in the heyday of Ming and Qing Dynasties. After the mid-Qing Dynasty, the decorative patterns or colorful paintings of buildings were low in vitality, and the decorative style of Tang and Song Dynasties was gone, which led to trivial and lifeless situation due to excessive pursuit of delicacy.
Modern times: crazy retro style
By the Revolution of 1911, influenced by the West, the architectural system changed and the color relationship changed. Concessions have appeared in some parts of China, and these buildings highlight the essential color. The color of the building at that time set off the function of the building carrier.
under the influence of the cancellation of architectural decoration in European and American countries, modern architecture in China has stepped onto the stage of emphasizing the application of modern technology and new materials and not emphasizing decoration. Decorative patterns are rare. Besides the requirements of function and construction technology, the beautification of buildings can only find an ideal pattern among doors, windows and solid walls that meet the requirements of function and technology.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, during the "Cultural Revolution" period, like other fields in China, architectural creation was also greatly destroyed, and it was improperly required to embody a distorted and inflated "political" concept. As a result, in the so-called "Viva Pavilion", the city center square or other landmark buildings built in various places, there have been "creative methods" that can be called political figurative symbolism or abstract symbolism, and unprincipled imitation of the top ten buildings of Beijing National Day. The color of the building becomes a single boring thing.
Retroism can be said to be a continuation of the previous "national form" architectural movement, and its proposition is to give a narrow "national form", that is, traditional architectural styles, to new buildings, with little regard for the unity of form and content of new buildings. One of its worthy ideological foundations is the fact that the people of China have stood up, which has inspired patriotic architects. However, "architecture" is a very complicated thing, and it is definitely a wrong way to try to impose the styles of palaces and temples that were once suitable for the construction of wood structures and handicrafts on new buildings with different functions, materials, structures, construction methods and people's aesthetic tastes. The external condition for the prevalence of retro-ism was the movement of learning from the Soviet Union advocated at that time, and the Soviet architecture at that time was on the road of retro-ism. The more influential works in this period are Beijing Xiyi Hotel, Chongqing Great Hall of the People, Changchun Geological Palace and Beijing Sanlihe "Four Departments and One Meeting" office building. Most of them have a huge roof like a palace, covered with colored glazed tiles, and the eaves are covered with bucket arches poured with reinforced concrete. All reinforced concrete beams and columns imitate wooden structures, and they are covered with colorful paintings. The doors and windows are also the styles of ancient wooden doors and windows.
After 198s: Return to Nature
Since 198s, due to the irreversibility of reform and opening up, China architects and architectural theorists have deeply realized that architectural art should be closely synchronized with the times, and should be based on the solid soil of modern life in China, and insist on creating a new architectural culture with both characteristics of the times and China style. All architectural works can be roughly divided into archaism, neoclassicism, new localism, new nationalism and local modernism.
Antique is a serious creation that draws more lessons from the external image of traditional buildings under special circumstances. Almost all the original ancient buildings have been destroyed and rebuilt or newly built as tourist buildings, such as Yellow Crane Tower in Wuchang, Confucius Temple and Qinhuai River in Nanjing, Liulichang Cultural Street in Beijing and Tianfeigong Cultural Street in Tianjin.
Neo-classicism has transformed the external image of traditional architecture more, focusing on a creation that draws lessons from its expression and interest. Its representative works are queli hotel in Shandong, Shaanxi History Museum in Xi 'an, Yuhuatai Memorial Hall in Nanjing, Beijing West Railway Station, etc.
The new localism takes a different approach, instead of turning to the traditional mainstream of palaces and temples to collect elites from local folk buildings. Its more representative works are Wuyishan Zhuang Hotel in Fujian with strong folk flavor in northern Fujian, Gushanzhuang Hotel in Huang Shanyun with folk characteristics in southern Anhui, Dunhuang Terminal in Gansu with the style of adobe houses in Hexi, etc.
Neo-nationalism refers to the creation with local ethnic characteristics that arose in minority areas in 198s, such as Xinjiang Guest House in Urumqi, Great Hall of the People in Xinjiang, Lhasa Hotel in Tibet and Xishuangbanna Gymnasium in Yunnan.
with the participation of western architects and the market-oriented operation of real estate enterprises, the color of buildings has become strong, such as the orange color of modern cities. Now the house is relatively clear in terms of color, such as white.
in 25, what will be the popular color of architecture in China?
Song Jianming believes that the color style of returning to nature and traditional culture will continue to become a popular trend, that is, people choose architectural images shaped by colors that are more like natural materials. Such as the "Phoenix Totem" in Beijing. In addition, the "modern" European style still has a great market, so it will continue to be popular, such as "Olympic Garden" in Beijing and "Riverside New Town" in Shenyang.
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