The yin and yang fish refers to the middle part of the Tai Chi diagram, which is known as "the first diagram in China". This well-known Tai Chi diagram is shaped like a yin and yang fish intertwined with each other, so it is commonly known as the "Yin and Yang fish Tai Chi diagram". All things bear yin and embrace yang, and the energy is in harmony. ——"Laozi Chapter 42" This is the best and most essential interpretation of Tai Chi Tu. The yin and yang fish are widely found in the beams and columns of the Dacheng Hall of the Confucius Temple, the Louguantai, the Sanmao Palace, the signs of the Baiyun Temple, the robes of Taoist priests, the fortune tellers' divination stalls, the covers of books and emblems of traditional Chinese medicine, qigong, martial arts and traditional Chinese culture. The logo, the Korean flag, the Korean Air Force emblem, the Mongolian flag, the Mongolian military emblem, the Angola Air Force emblem, the Singapore Air Force aircraft emblem, Bohr's Medal of Honor... and so on are all reflected.

Tai Chi diagram is known as "the first diagram in China". From the beams and pillars of the Dacheng Hall of the Confucius Temple, to the symbols of Laozi Tower, Sanmao Palace, and Baiyun Temple; from the Taoist priest's robes to the fortune teller's divination stall; the covers and emblems of books and periodicals on traditional Chinese medicine, qigong, martial arts, and traditional Chinese culture From the monogram to the South Korean flag pattern, the Singapore Air Force aircraft emblem, the Bohr Medal family emblem...etc., the Taichi diagram has all jumped to the top. This well-known Tai Chi diagram is shaped like a yin and yang fish intertwined with each other, so it is commonly known as the "Yin and Yang fish Tai Chi diagram".

Since "Tai Chi Diagram" has been popular for so long and widely, its origin and evolution have naturally become the focus of people's interest. Before examining its origin, we should clarify the relationship between the name of "Tai Chi Diagram" and its graphics. There are two situations here. One is the same name, but it refers to different graphics. In addition to the yin and yang fish graphics, the "Tai Chi Diagram" also has five layers of graphics (that is, the customary "Zhou Dunyi Tai Chi Diagram"), hollow Circle graphics, black and white semicircle graphics, etc. (In fact, the latter graphics were called "Tai Chi Diagram" much earlier than the former); first, the same graphics have different names, such as the yin and yang fish "Tai Chi Diagram", which was called "Tai Chi Diagram" in the early days. Create "Xiantian Diagram", "River Diagram", "Xiantian Natural River Diagram", "Xiantian Natural Diagram", "Ancient Tai Chi Diagram", etc.; the five-layer "Tai Chi Diagram" is also called "Wuji Diagram" and "Tai Chi Sequential and Reverse Diagram" ”, “Tai Chi diagram of smooth growth”, “diagram of Dan Dao reverse growth”, etc. (Of course, the graphics of the two types of Tai Chi diagrams are slightly different). This article only examines the Yin-Yang Fish Tai Chi Diagram (hereinafter referred to as "Tai Chi Diagram"). The research on the five-layer Tai Chi Diagram will be written separately.

Many people in modern times believe that Tai Chi Diagram originated from the primitive era. Some even believe that it was a gift from aliens to the people of the earth in the ancient times, or that the last or even two or three civilizations were destroyed before this human civilization. The only token left over from that time. On what basis did the Tai Chi diagrams evolve? Mr. Chen Lifu believes: “The ancient Tai Chi diagrams unearthed in mainland China are three to four thousand years earlier than the Zhouyi and Gan Chi Du were written. For example, Shaanxi Yong The ancient Tai Chi picture of two dragons on a double-eared pottery pot unearthed 6,500 years ago (Fuxi era) at the Mo Yun Tai Chi Institute (collected in the Swedish Far East Museum) was painted with the center of a brush and was unearthed 4,000 years earlier than Confucius. Many bronzes from the Shang Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty also have a Tai Chi diagram of two male and female dragons entwining each other." ("Some Issues About the Tai Chi Diagram") Mr. Chen directly called the diagram of the two dragons entwining each other as the "Tai Chi Diagram of Two Dragons". The double dragon entwining diagram is actually the "Fuxi and Nuwa mating diagram" of the ancestor of China. In addition, some people think that the Tai Chi diagram comes from the " " and " " symbols (Liuwan, Minhe County and Ledu, Qinghai, Shipengshan, Wengniute Banner, Liaoning, Qu This symbol is engraved on the Neolithic pottery unearthed from the middle Jiangshixia site), double fish patterns (painted pottery basins with human faces and fish patterns unearthed from the Banpo site in Xi'an, Shaanxi), double phoenix patterns (Neolithic bone carvings and There are such patterns in pottery paintings and Hemudu culture). Recently, some people claimed that the Tai Chi diagram originated from the "vortex" formed when the Yellow River and Luoshu converged under Fuxi Taixia, Luoyou, Henan (see "Zhengzhou Daily" March 8, 1993 eighth edition).

Are these graphics the source of Tai Chi Diagram? If we only look at this kind of graphics and patterns, it is obviously not possible to directly deduce Tai Chi Diagram. Because similar patterns have not evolved into Tai Chi diagrams in other ethnic groups, for example, ancient Babylon has a pattern of twin snakes intertwining and mating, and relics (silver ornaments, copper pots, vases, etc.) from ancient Greece, ancient India, the Caucasus, Asia Minor and other places have: " "Patterns, but none of these ethnic groups have Tai Chi diagrams. As for the "whirlpool", it is ridiculous. "Whirls" are everywhere. If Tai Chi diagrams can be seen from them, wouldn't Tai Chi diagrams be found all over the world?

However, from these, Judging from the ideas and concepts implicit in the graphics, it cannot be said that they have nothing to do with Tai Chi Diagram.

These graphics are all formed by the intersection of pairs, either double dragons, double snakes, or double fishes, or double phoenixes. Even the " " is formed by the intersection of two identical symbols. This is the product of reproductive worship in primitive society. The double-double pattern may represent male and female (Fuxi, Nuwa), or male and female (Pisces, double snakes, double dragons, double birds); the intersection of two pairs reflects the primitive people's intuitive understanding of male and female and the union of male and female. From human body phenomena, biological phenomena, and natural phenomena such as sexual organs, male and female, male and female, sun and moon, we gradually realized the concept of "yin and yang", as well as the coexistence of yin and yang, the relative and intersecting (treatment and unification) of yin and yang, the interaction of yin and yang, and the mutual transformation of yin and yang, etc. This kind of thinking determines that traditional Chinese culture is yin and yang culture in a sense. The yin and yang lines and yin and yang hexagrams in the "Book of Changes" are the symbols (line symbols) of the idea of ????yin and yang. The black and white of the Tai Chi Diagram and the integration of the beginning and the end are the best illustrations of the concepts of unity, growth and decline, and mutual interaction between yin and yang (graphic symbols) ).

It can be seen that these patterns in the primitive era are only the ideological origin of Tai Chi Diagram, and it is impossible to directly evolve into Tai Chi Diagram. Where did Tai Chi Diagram come from? When and who was the earliest Tai Chi Diagram? What? Let us first take a look at previous discussions.

In the writings of the Song Dynasty, it is basically believed that the "Xiantian Picture" (which should include the "Yin-Yang Fish Picture" or the "Yin-Yang Fish Picture") was handed down from Chen Tuan of the Five Dynasties and the early Song Dynasty. The most famous one is Zhu Zhen's discussion: "Chen Tuan passed on the seeds to Mu Xiu with the innate pictures, and Mu Xiu passed on his talents, and his talents were passed on to Shao Yong." ("Hanshang Yi Zhuan·Jin Yi Shuobiao") < /p>

In fact, Chao Shuozhi, who was earlier than Zhu Zhen, has described the spread of Xiantian Pictures: "Chen Tuan Tunan, a master of Xiyi in Huashan during the Song Dynasty, taught Zhongnan Zhong Zhengjun Fang Mingyi with the Book of Changes. Ming Yi was awarded the title of Master Xiu from Wenyang Mu, and Su Shun and Qin Zimei also learned martial arts from Mr. Bo. The title was awarded to Li Zhicai of Qingzhou, and Tingzhi was awarded the title of Master Yong Yaofu from Shao Kangjie of Henan Province." (Volume 18 of "Songshan Collection") "Wang's Shuangsongtang")

Let's take a look at what Shao Yong's contemporaries said. Brother Ercheng, who has lived in the same alley with Shao Yong for more than 30 years, said: "Mr. Du's learning has been passed down. He got it from Li Tingzhi, and Tingzhi got it from Mu Bochang. Looking at its origins, there is a lot of clues." "(Cheng Hao's "Mr. Shao Yaofu's Epitaph") Cheng only recommended it to Mu Xiu, and Mu Xiu omitted it with the sentence "There is a clue."

Shao Bowen, the son of Shao Yong, said: "The late emperor was accepted by Li Zhicai of Yi Qingshe, and his name was Tingzhi. He was a suave and unconventional man, and his teacher was Wenyang Muxiu. I heard that the late emperor was eager to learn... so the late emperor passed it on. His study... Bo Chang, "Guo Shi" has a biography, and his teacher is Chen Tuanye" ("Yi Xue Bian Huo")

This shows that the inheritance relationship mentioned by Zhu Zhen is basically credible. of. It is a pity that this "Innate Diagram" has not been handed down along with the above-mentioned text. To this day, no one can confirm whether it is the "Yin-Yang Fish Diagram", the "Innate Eight Diagrams Orientation Diagram Sequence Diagram", or some other diagram.

The person who later discussed the development of Yi Tu in detail was Yuan Jue of the Yuan Dynasty. He wrote in the "Preface" to Xie Zhongzhi's "Three Pictures of Yi" in the late Song Dynasty: "Mr. Xie of Shangrao escaped to Jian'an Fan "Yang, Wu Shengchan went to accept the changes and then came up with his plan." And Xie Zhongzhi got it from Peng Weng, and Peng Weng got it from Wu Yijun. Wu Yijun may be Bai Yuchan (Bai Yuchan's Taoist name is Wu Yiweng). Yuan Jue also said: "When he arrived in Jingzhou, Yuan Ji Daojie was taught by Xue Weng, and Yi resumed his teaching. Yuan Nai taught Xue Jixuan in Yongjia... Finally, Zhu Wengong sent his friend Cai Jitong to Jingzhou and returned to the gorge, and only then did he obtain the three pictures. ... His grandson Kang Mi did not come back. ... The current picture by Peng Weng is suspected to be from Cai." (Quoted from Volume 3 of Hu Wei's "Yi Tu Ming Bian") According to Yuan Jue, the spread of the three pictures of Yi is roughly as follows: < /p>

Xue Weng-Yuan Gai-Xue Jixuan...(The Hermit of Shu)-Cai Jitong-Cai Kang...Wu Yijun (White Jade Chan)-Peng Weng

(i.e. Peng Shu)- Xie Zhongzhi (ie Xie Fangde)-Wu Chan

So what do the three pictures that Cai Yuanding visited from Sichuan look like? Or what do Xie Zhongzhi's "Three Pictures of Yi" look like? We can no longer see them today, Yuan Jue did not explain at that time. Hu Wei speculated: "Therefore, among the three diagrams obtained by Ji Tong, the first one is undoubtedly the innate Tai Chi diagram. The second covers the Nine Palaces diagram and the Five Elements Generating Diagram."

In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhao Juqian (1351-1395) This picture is included in the "Liu Shu Benyi" and says: "It has been passed down from generation to generation that Cai Yuanding obtained it from a hermit in Shu. He kept it secret and did not pass it on. Although Zhu Zi did not see it, it is now obtained by Chen Bofu." At that time, most people believed this statement, but only Ji Pengshan expressed doubts. He said: "Zhu Xi and Cai didn't explain it clearly in any book, so how can there be any reason why it should be kept secret and not shared with others?" (Quoted from "The Complete Book of Changes" by Yang Shiqiao of the Ming Dynasty) ).

Hu Wei not only agreed with Yuan Jue's statement, but also agreed with Zhu Zhen's statement. He believed that Chen Tuan used the innate diagram to teach seeds and spread it, and it was passed down to Shao Yong three times. Shao Yong's "Innate Ancient Changes can be known from this diagram." This picture is from Chen Tuan and comes from "Shen Tongqi".

I think it is worthy of analysis to say that the Yin-Yang Fish Tai Chi diagram originated from the "Water and Fire Kuangkuo Diagram" or the "San Wu Zhi Jing Diagram" in "The Book of Changes". The latter two pictures are said to be drawn by Peng Xiao of the Fifth Dynasty to interpret "The Book of Changes Can Tongqi". However, according to the "Zhengtong Dao Zang", Peng Xiao's "Zhou Yi Shen Tongqi divided into chapters to understand the true meaning" does not contain these two pictures. And there is only one "mirror picture". (Of course, it cannot be ruled out that other lost versions contain these two pictures.) Taking a step back, even if Peng Xiao painted these two pictures, or even if these two pictures are included in "Shen Tongqi", it cannot be concluded that it is Tai Chi. The origin of the pictures is the same as the above. There is no trace of the Tai Chi diagram that can be deduced from the graphics of these two pictures, but there is an ideological origin relationship. The first chapter of "Shen Tongqi" says: "Kanli Kuangkuo is the positive axis of the movement hub." Special emphasis is placed on Kanli, Kanli is the sun and the moon, and the sun and the moon are "Yi". Kan is the yang within the yin, and Li is the yin within the yang. "Water and Fire Kuangkuo Diagram" is the image representation of the two hexagrams Kan (water) and Li (fire). Isn’t this idea of ??the combination of yin and yang, yang in yin, yin in yang, and the waxing and waning of yin and yang the basic idea of ??Tai Chi? From the perspective of the genealogy of Tai Chi narrated by Yuan Jue and others, Tai Chi Tu Taoism is very relevant. Bai Yuchan, Lord of Wuyi, is the fifth ancestor of the Southern Sect of the Neidan Sect of Taoism. The "hermit of Shu" may be a Taoist priest in Shu.

The ideological origin relationship is not the same as the graphic origin relationship. It seems that it is very difficult to examine the diagram from which Tai Chi Diagram originated. Let’s examine the question of who made the earliest Tai Chi diagram.

First of all, we need to set a standard for the graphics of Tai Chi Diagram (because there is no standard, the above-mentioned graphics of the primitive era are all called "Tai Chi Diagram"). The real Tai Chi Diagram should be a fish with yin and yang inside. Intertwined patterns, the outer part is the eight trigrams or the sixty-four hexagrams circular pattern. As for whether the "Dragon Picture" and "Xiantian Picture" passed down by Chen Tuan are this kind of graphics, it can no longer be verified. Therefore, it is difficult to determine whether Chen Tuan was the first person to make this picture. Whether Xue Weng or the hermit of Shu made this picture is also untested. Searching existing literature, we found that the earliest Tai Chi diagram was in "Yi Xuan" by Zhang Xingcheng in the Southern Song Dynasty.

Zhang Xingcheng, whose birth and death dates are unknown, lived around the twelfth century AD, was a Jinshi in Shaoxing (113l-1137). In the second year of Qiandao (1166), he submitted seven books of Yi Xue to the emperor, among which "Yi Xuan" is Contains this picture.

"Yi Xuan" is also called "Yi Yuan". There are two existing versions. One is the "Han Hai" version edited and published by Li Tiaoyuan, Qianlong Emperor of the Qing Dynasty, and the other is the "Song Shu" edited and published in 1935. "Integrated First Edition", based on the typesetting version of "Hanhai".

Modern Mr. Guo He published the "Picture of Yi Xiantian - The Huntian Xiangfei Zhang Xingcheng's

Picture" in the 4th issue of "Book of Changes" in 1995. There are four reasons for this: (1) Zhang Xingcheng's "Tai Chi concept is a concrete six-line hexagram, which is metaphysical." "It is different from the later cosmology of Zhu Xi and Cai Yuanding who regarded the 'middle void' in the ring of "Xiantian Tu" as Tai Chi." (2) Hong Mai did not mention it, and Zhu Xi did not comment. (3) Shao Yong did not use the Huntian technique to describe the sky. (4) "Yi Xuan" is an annotation of "Tai Xuan", "How can there be a diagram of this dual symbol system in the book "Tai Xuan" that is used to explain the ternary symbol system?" I think these are the points. Opinions are highly debatable.

First, neither the "metaphysical" Tai Chi view nor the "metaphysical" Tai Chi view is directly related to the Yin Yang Fish Tai Chi diagram. Guo said: Zhang Xingcheng "neither regards the empty space in the middle of the innate diagram as Tai Chi." , there would be no such picture as the "Picture of Yi Xiantian - Phenomena of the Huntian". I really don’t know what the relationship is between the two? The middle of the Yin-Yang Fish Tai Chi Diagram is not a virtual place, but a real place (composed of the interaction of black and white). According to Guo’s statement, it is exactly “physical”, and from “physical” Wouldn't it be more natural and reasonable for the "metaphysical" Tai Chi view to evolve into "metaphysical" figures? (Of course it is not that simple, as will be analyzed in detail below) On the contrary, the so-called "metaphysical" Tai Chi view of "the void in the middle" can only derive hollow circle Tai Chi. However, it is difficult to derive a "metaphysical" Tai Chi diagram such as "Yin Yang Fish Interaction".

Secondly, it is said that Hong Mai, who is in charge of the national history books, would not use black and white semicircles to represent the two rituals if he saw the yin and yang fish Tai Chi diagram ("The sixty-four hexagrams are derived from the two ritual diagrams"). This speculation is unconvincing.

Regardless of whether Hong Mai saw the yin-yang fish picture or not, there is no reason to force him not to use the black and white semicircle Tai Chi diagram. He may not like the yin and yang fish picture and prefer the black and white semicircle picture. In fact, most people at that time preferred the black and white semicircle Tai Chi diagram because it simply and clearly expressed the principle of Tai Chi's two principles (this is no less than the Yin and Yang fish diagram). As Zhu Xi commented: "Guishan took a piece of paper, drew a circle, painted half of it with ink, and said: This is the "Yi". This is an excellent statement! "Yi" is just one yin and one yang, making many things. " (Volume 65 of "Zhu Zi Yu Lei") "The left side of the picture belongs to Yang, and the right side belongs to Yin." (Ibid.) Furthermore, no matter how "erudite and knowledgeable" Master Zhu is, there may be things he has not seen yet. This is untenable as an argument.

In fact, in the fourth year of Shaoxi (1193), Zhu Xi asked Cai Yuanding to go to Shu to look for the Yi map. After Cai obtained the three maps from the hermit of Shu, he may have shown them to Zhu Xi, because in the second year of Qingyuan ( 1196) Zhu Xi said in a letter to Cai Jitong: "The day before yesterday, I saw the pictures of He, Luo and Xiantian carved on the cliffs. I saw Gan Jun said that there were stones at the Xinying Jingshe in Gezao Mountain that looked like they could be carved. It is also recommended that the "Xiantian" should be engraved with hexagrams and seals. It has an ancient meaning and should be sent to Bomo." (Collected Works of Zhu Wengong· "Sequel" Volume 2 "Answers to Cai Jitong's Book" 60, 61) The "Xiantian" picture mentioned here is probably this "Xiantian Tai Chi Picture" (the Yin-Yang Fish Picture covering the sixty-four hexagrams). However, in the following year (1197, the third year of Qingyuan), there were only two pictures engraved on Gezao Mountain: "River Picture" and "Luoshu". Why was the "Xiantian Diagram" not engraved in the end? I think there may be two reasons: First, it is more difficult to engrave on Moyan, because this diagram covers the sixty-four hexagrams (this is certain, as for the "Yin Yang Fish" diagram inside Or the sixty-four hexagram diagrams are no longer available). It is difficult to carve these complicated hexagrams and lines, so Zhu Xi imagined "carving hexagrams and sealing them." Second, comparison with He and Luo pictures is not important. According to Hu Wei's speculation, this picture "comes from Xiyi and originates from Boyang. It is not as authentic as Genjie Dachuan, which states that fifty-five percent is true." It can be seen that this picture is not as authentic as He and Luolai. Hu Wei's words explained the reason why Cai Jitong "kept it secret but did not pass it on". In fact, both Cai Jitong and Zhu Xi felt that it was not that important. In addition, engraving was difficult, so they abandoned it and did not engrave it. In this regard, Mr. Shu Jingnan believes that the reason why only two pictures are engraved is because the "River Picture" of Bafen and the "Luoshu" of Jiugong already contain this picture, and the three pictures are one picture. (Page 20 of "Chinese Tai Chi Diagram and Tai Chi Culture") This statement is suspicious, because the existence of the He Diagram and Luo Shu with Yin Yang Fish as the base cannot be determined. How can it be said that "the three pictures are originally one picture" What?

Besides Zhang Xingchen himself, the person who really paid attention to this picture and understood the "wonderful" way from it was Zhao Juqian. He said: "If you try it and play with it, Tai Chi combines yin and yang, and yin and yang The "wonderful" word of "Han Bagua" was only realized by Zhao after repeated playing ("playing with it"). It can be seen that the predecessors did not play with it in this way and did not understand the beauty of it, so of course they did not accept it. Attention. Therefore, just because Hong Mai and Zhu Xi have not commented on the Yin-Yang Fish Picture cannot deny that Zhang Xingcheng has passed down or created this picture.

Thirdly, it is not important here whether Shao Yong used the Hun Tian Xiang to describe the sky. The question is how Zhang Xingcheng understood Shao Yong's Xiantian Diagram. In Guo's article, a dash is used between "Yi Xiantian Tu" and "Huntian Xiang", while in "Yixuan", the four characters "Huntian Xiangye" are double lines of small characters attached below the "Yi Xiantian Tu", which is obviously an annotation. language, but Guo mistakenly took this as the main text. Zhang Xingcheng believes that "Yi" refers to the phenomenon of Hun Tian, ??and Shao Yong's Xiantian Diagram is the theory of Hun Tian. "The principles of Gai Hun are the same, and Tang Yixing could understand them, but Gai Tian's theory has lost its origin, so neither Ziyun nor Kang Jie said it" (Volume 1 of "Yi Xuan") thinks that Shao Yong does not agree with Gai God said. He also clearly pointed out: "For the Yi, the sky uses the numbers of the earth...the phenomena of the sky; for the mysterious, the earth bears the numbers of the sky...and covers the phenomena of the sky."

Fourthly, Guo said that "Yi" There can be no diagrams of binary symbols in "Xuan". I wonder if Mr. Guo has read "Yi Xuan"? Almost the entire text of "Yi Xuan" is comparing "Yi" and "Xuan". In other words, "Yi Xuan" annotates "Tai" through comparison with "Yi". "Xuan", it can be said that "Yi" is everywhere, and there are binary symbols everywhere. For example, the first chapter of the volume clearly states: "One is Xuanye. There are three in one life, and the number becomes six, which is the use of heaven. Therefore, Yi Yi has six lines of hexagram." "Yi, heaven, is divided into the earth, and the king uses his ministers; Xuan, the earth, is subordinate to heaven, and the ministers respect the king." "Xuan uses the number nine, so the number is eight; Yi uses the number fifteen, Therefore, nine is used in both Yi and Jiu, while Xuan only uses nine.

The eighth of Yi refers to the celestial body, and the ninth of Xuan refers to the use of earth. "Besides, the "Yixiantian Picture" is compared with the "Taixuan Picture", and it is believed that the "Xiantian Picture" is the phenomenon of the cloudy sky, and the "Taixuan Picture" is the phenomenon of covering the sky.

The above four points are only Debating against Guo Wen can only show that Zhang Xingcheng may have made the Tai Chi Diagram (Yi Xiantian Diagram), but it is not enough to prove that the Tai Chi Diagram was definitely made by Zhang Xingcheng. This requires analysis from Zhang Xingcheng's own writings in "Yi Xuan". There are probably three "Yi Xiantian Diagrams" mentioned in the book: one is the Xiantian Square Diagram, the other is the Xiantian Circle Diagram, and the other is the Innate Square and Circle Diagram.

(1) The Yi Xiantian Diagram Volume 1. : “The two diagrams of Yi’s circle and circle represent the phases of heaven and earth. "To make a change, the sky uses the number of the earth. When the two figures of the square and the circle are combined into one, the circle encloses the square, and the earth is within the sky, which is the phenomenon of the sky." "Volume 7: "If the square and the circle are unified in the Yi Tu, the earth is in the sky, and the sky is like a muddy sky. "This picture is the orientation map of Shao Yong's sixty-four hexagrams of Xiantian. The picture is also included in the first volume of Zhu Xi's "Original Meaning of Zhouyi".

(2) Xiantian Square Diagram. Volume 1: "Xiantian Square Diagram, Gan Position To the northwest, Kun is located to the southeast, and the gate of heaven is also the household..." Volume 9: "When the innate square diagram changes from the ground, then one hexagram will deviate from the eight hexagrams, which is the sixty-four hexagrams. "This picture is the square diagram in Shao Yong's innate orientation map, which represents the earth surrounded by the sky.

(3) Innate circle diagram. Volume 1: "The circle diagram of Yi is derived from one yin and one yang. Take the two principles of mouth and mouth, from the outside to the inside. "Zhang Xingcheng seems to have a special liking for this picture, and often calls it "Xiantian Picture". For example, Volume 10: "Xiantian Picture combines into one day." "Those who move on the right side of the Xiantian Diagram are going against the Qi to change the time; those who are on the left side are following the Qi to create living things." The way of heaven and earth is that adversity arises from itself, good times produce others, and this is also the principle of loyalty and forgiveness. …‘The innate image is round, and it is the heaven that conforms to one. ”

It is completely reasonable to add the “yin-yang fish” figure in the middle of the innate circle diagram. The “yin-yang fish” shape is the visual explanation of the sixty-four hexagrams azimuth circle diagram. It has been used in "Yi Xuan" The words "right row" and "left row" in the Xiantian Diagram are mentioned. In addition to the above quotation, Volume 10 also says: "The Yi Xiantian Yao Xiang Diagram starts from the universe, and the yin and yang symbols, both up and down, move to the right; from the beginning of the reunion (It should be an error of "dirty") The symbol of yin and yang is arranged in two rows, both above and below, running to the left. Aren't the left and right rows of "Yin Yang Fish" the same as the left and right rows of the hexagrams? If "Liu Yu Er" does not refer to the arrangement of yin and yang - black and white, then what does it refer to?

In another monograph, "Yi Tongbian", Zhang Xingcheng contains fourteen pictures, the first of which is the "Youji Picture", and the "Youji Picture" is the "Xiantian Picture". This picture is actually a combined square and circle picture (the circle picture is transformed into an octagon). The explanation of the circle diagram shows the meaning of the "yin-yang fish" diagram. "Tai Chi contains all phenomena, which are thought to exist but not seen, and which are thought to exist but exist without. ... The images of heaven and earth have been embodied in the chaos, which is the whole of Tai Chi." (Volume 1) "Those who walk on the right side of the circular diagram will not have any of the six changes. The hexagram of the left traveler, the five changes already have the hexagram of one." (Volume 1) "The innate diagram starts from one yin, one yang, and six changes to thirty-two, which is the softness of the earth and the hardness of the earth. "Parents, hardness and softness inherit yin and yang to achieve changes, and the world's abilities are completed." (Volume 1) explains the arrangement of the sixty-four hexagram circle diagrams through the changes of yin and yang lines, and the "yin and yang fish" graphic reflects it accurately and vividly. This kind of hexagram and Yao changes.

In the "Yin Yang Fish" figure, the left row of "White Fish" in the upper right corner is from large to small, in order of Qian, Dui, Li and Zhen (including 4X8=32 with these four hexagrams as the next hexagram) hexagram), indicating that the Yang Yao gradually decreases; the "Black Fish" on the lower left and right row from large to small, in order Kun, Gen, Kan, Xun (including 4X8=32 hexagrams with these four hexagrams as the lower hexagram), indicating that the Yin Yao gradually decreases. reduce. While the Yang Yao is decreasing, the Yin Yao is increasing; while the Yin Yao is decreasing, the Yang Yao is increasing, so it is represented by the mutual correction of "black and white fish". The two "fish eyes" represent yin within yang and yang within yin. The "black eye" in "white fish" represents the Li hexagram, and the "white eye" in "black fish" represents the Kan hexagram.

In the Xiantian Diagram of "Yi Xuan", the position changes of the sixty-four hexagrams and lines are represented by small black and white squares. Qian and Kun have six white squares and six black squares (for the eldest parents) respectively. ), Fu and Ku are respectively one white, five black, one black and five white (for the little parents). The changes of yin and yang start from Fu Jiao, proceeding from Fu to the left and from Ku to the right. If combined according to the number of black and white squares (regardless of the height of the position), then it is exactly a "yin and yang fish" picture. It should be a matter of course for Zhang Xingcheng to create a diagram of the yin and yang fish intertwining each other based on finding the rules of the sixty-four hexagrams and lines. Mr. Guo He said that the "Yin Yang Fish" picture was only "produced based on the timely evolution of the black and white semicircle pictures", which was too arbitrary.

After Zhang Xingcheng, no one seems to have directly mentioned that he created such a picture. However, Yuan Jue once mentioned him when talking about the evolution of Tai Chi diagram, "Xue (Ji Xuan) taught Yuan (Gai) Shichang said: Most of the Heluo legacy was in the Shu and Han Dynasties, so when the scholar-bureaucrats heard about it, they rushed to buy it. There are two copies, which are called "Xing Cheng Jing Xiang Shu" and "Yuan Tong Yu Xuan". His friend Cai Jitong..." (Quoted from Volume 3 of Hu Wei's "Yi Tu Ming Bian") Judging from Zhang Xingcheng's life, he was from Linqiong. "Between the main roads, there is a beggar's temple under the jurisdiction of Chengdu Fulu Qian. "Ten Years of Dumen" (Huang Zongxi's "Song and Yuan Dynasty Studies Cases Zhang Zhuzhu Confucianism Cases"), Dumen wrote seven kinds of books and seventy-nine volumes. Taking Shao Yong's studies as the destination, "taken from the forty pictures of the innate hexagrams and numbers passed down by Chen Xiyi to Shao" ("Sikuquanshu General Catalog·Zibu·Shushu Category" is correct as "Fourteen Pictures")" Explanation is given to understand the changes in the changes. The beginning is different and the end is the same. "First of all, there are fourteen pictures of Kang Jie's learning. Mr. Shi Mo's biography was obtained from the family of an official in Shu. According to this, Zhang Xingcheng could have obtained this picture before Cai Yuanding (Jitong) by taking advantage of his time in Shu.

Except Zhang Xingcheng, did anyone else in the Song Dynasty make the "Yin Yang Fish Tai Chi Picture"? According to literature, at least two other people made such pictures. One is Zheng Dongqing (Shaomei) who is earlier than Zhang Xingcheng, and the other is Luo Yuan (Duanliang) who is later than Zhang Xingcheng. Zheng Dongqing's biography of "Ancient Xiantian Pictures": He wrote "Annotations to Xiantian Pictures", and his preface said: "Since Dongqing studied "Yi" by himself, there are more than 100 readers who have read the Yi family's texts. The ones that are recommended are Ancient Xiantian Pictures, Yang Xiong's "Tai Xuan" "Jing", Guan Ziming's "Dongji Jing", Wei Boyang's "Shen Tongqi", Shao Yaofu's "Huangji Jingshi Shu"... the four schools of thought are all based on the Xiantian Tu, which is the origin of "Yi". ? There is no written annotation, and the world considers it to be useless. Now I make a diagram of the relationship between the square and the circle, which is the footnote of the Xiantian diagram. It is the simplest among the four schools. "The "Ancient Xiantian Diagram" mentioned by Zheng Dongqing is at least earlier than that. Yang Xiong didn't do it by himself, he just made a "picture of the interaction between square and circle" as a footnote to it. What exactly the "Ancient Xiantian Map" looks like is unknown. Judging from the name, it is inferred that it is a picture of the sixty-four hexagrams of the Jacket of Xiantian (those who were given the name "Xiantian Picture" at that time all referred to this type of picture, except that the middle figure has the difference between a "square" shape and a "yin-yang fish" shape).

Luo Yuan made a "river picture": According to Song Lian's introduction in the early Ming Dynasty: "Luo Duanliang of Xin'an made a picture of yin and yang, and eight of them were called Bagua, which is called a river picture; in the world of Jingwen It is divided into nine palaces and is called Luoshu. It is said that it comes from Qingcheng Mountain, but it is not written as an image." (Quoted from Volume 3 of Hu Wei's "Yi Tu Ming Bian") Luo Yuan's picture is also said to be from Qingcheng Mountain in Sichuan. What the hermit obtained from it is the image of yin and yang, with "eighths" in the middle, but it is still not called "Tai Chi Diagram", but called "River Diagram", but the image has not been handed down. Hu Wei believes that it is what Zhao Zhongquan's "Ancient Tai Chi Diagram" later looked like. Luo Yuan and Zhu Xi were from the same hometown (both were from Xin'an, today's Huizhou, Anhui Province) and were close friends. Therefore, Zhu Xi may have seen Luo Yuan's picture before asking Cai Yuanding to go to Shu to search for the three pictures, but he did not pay attention to it or did not approve of it. (Zhu Xi believes that the "River Picture" is a ten-number picture, not this picture), so he will not comment.

The innate Tai Chi diagrams of Zhang Xingcheng, Zheng Dongqing, and Luo Yuan in the Song Dynasty did not attract enough attention for a long time. (Zheng and Luo's diagrams were even lost.) This situation has always been It lasted until the early Ming Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, people began to really pay attention to this kind of pictures.

In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhao Puxian included the "Yin Yang Fish" picture in "The Original Meaning of Six Books". This picture was considered by scholars to be the first "Tai Chi Picture". It seems that this conclusion should be rewritten. . However, it was not called the "Tai Chi Picture" at that time, but the "Heaven, Earth, and Natural River Picture" (Hu Wei quoted it as the "Heaven, Earth, and Natural Picture"). Zhao Ruqian explained: During the reign of Fuxi, a dragon and horse carrying this picture emerged from the Yellow River in Xingyang, so it was called the "River Picture". "The Book of Changes" says "The River Comes out of the Picture", and "Shangshu" says "The River Picture is in the Eastern Preface" , refers to this picture, not to the nine-number picture or the ten-number picture.

There are some differences between the Zhao Juqian diagram and the Zhang Xingcheng diagram: (1) The outer circle of the Zhao diagram is the innate eight trigrams, while the Zhang diagram is the innate sixty-four hexagrams. (2) The "fish head" in the Zhao picture has sharp edges and corners, and the "fish eyes" are elongated and tear-shaped; in the Zhang picture, the "fish head" has soft lines and the "fish eyes" are round.

At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Zhao Zhongquan wrote "The True Tradition of Taoism", which contains the "Ancient Tai Chi Diagram". This is the first time that this picture is called the "Ancient Tai Chi Diagram" in existing documents. Compared with Zhao Juqian's picture, four lines are added to the "Yin Yang Fish" and divided into eight areas.

(Hu Wei believes that Luo Yuan's "River Diagram" with the yin and yang contained in it looked like this.) This more strictly corresponds to the yin and yang numbers in the hexagrams and the black and white changes in the "Yin and Yang Fish Diagram". In this sense, the ever-changing Tai Chi diagrams of later generations (the Tai Chi diagram composed of two semicircles is the most popular) are all wrong and do not conform to the original meaning of strictly corresponding to the number of hexagrams and lines. Later, the name of this picture was basically unified, and this picture was finally named "Tai Chi Picture", which has been used to this day.

There was also a famous Yi scholar named Lai Zhide (1525-1604) in the Ming Dynasty. He himself created a similar Tai Chi diagram and recorded it in "Illustrated Explanations of the Notes on the Book of Changes". This diagram is named "Circle Diagram" or "Tai Chi Diagram", which means the mutual production of yin and yang - the yang pole produces yin, and the cathode produces yang. It is a slight modification based on the traditional Tai Chi diagram, but it failed to become popular.

Conclusion

1. The ideological origin of the "Yin-Yang Fish" Tai Chi Diagram can be traced back to the Yin-Yang concept of the primitive era, but the relevant graphics and symbols of the primitive era are not and cannot be directly derived from the "Yin-Yang Fish" Tai Chi Diagram.

2. The "Yin Yang Fish" Tai Chi diagram is related to Taoism, and some of the relevant views of Hu Wei in the Song, Yuan and Qing dynasties are basically credible. This relationship is mainly reflected in the inner elixir, yin and yang and other ideological concepts. The "Water and Fire Kuangkuo Diagram" and the "San Wu Zhi Jing Diagram" cannot directly derive the "Yin Yang Fish" Tai Chi diagram.

3． Regarding the view that Chen Tuan or Xue Weng, the Hermit of Shu, and the Hermit of Qingcheng Mountain created or first transmitted the "Yin Yang Fish" Tai Chi diagram, since there is no way to verify it, we can only doubt it and cannot easily deny it, nor can it be simply affirmed.

4. The earliest picture of the "Yin Yang Fish" Tai Chi Fish in the existing literature comes from "Yi Xuan" by Zhang Xingcheng in the Southern Song Dynasty. This picture is not someone who came after Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty. This can be confirmed from the text content of "Yi Xuan" and "Yi Tongbian".

5. The "Yin Yang Fish" Tai Chi diagram was modified (simplified) by Zhao Juqian in the early Ming Dynasty and finalized by Zhao Zhongquan in the late Ming Dynasty. Later Tai Chi diagrams composed of two semicircles (including left and right semicircles, upper and lower semicircles, etc.) are inconsistent with the original meaning.