1. Poems about the development history of bronze mirrors

Poems about the development history of bronze mirrors 1. Ancient poems about bronze mirrors

Many categories. Li Bai's "Autumn" Pu Ge"

My white hair is three thousand feet long, my fate is as long as my head

I don’t know where to find the autumn frost in the bright mirror

The true fragrance of the emperor’s son is hidden in the moon

Light makeup on the clear water in the maple forest

No one recognizes the beauty of the sky under the lamp

I only feel sad about the bronze mirror

My heart is like the autumn moon, green The light in the pool is bright and clear.

Nothing can compare to this, what can I say?

The body is like a Bodhi tree

The mind is like a mirror

Always brush the brush diligently

Don’t let it sink.

Bodhi has no tree

Mirror is not a stand

Originally there is nothing

Where is the dust

2. Thinking Know the history of bronze mirrors

Bronze mirrors are mirrors made of copper in ancient times. In ancient times, bronze mirrors were closely related to people's daily lives and were indispensable living utensils. Bronze mirrors are also exquisite handicrafts. It is well-made, beautiful in shape, gorgeous in pattern, and rich in inscriptions. It is a treasure in my country's ancient cultural heritage.

The ancient mirror means big basin, and its name is prison. "Shuowen" says: "The prison can take water from the bright moon, and because it can be used to reflect the movement, it is used as a mirror." At the beginning of the Three Dynasties, prisons were made of tiles, so the ancient Chinese characters for prison did not have gold characters next to them. of. In the early Shang Dynasty, bronze mirrors began to be cast, and later the characters also had gold radicals. During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, although there were bronze mirrors, tile mirrors were still popular. It was not until the Qin Dynasty that bronze mirrors began to be cast. Because mirrors were more useful than mirrors in many ways, after the Qin Dynasty, water was no longer used as a mirror. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, mirrors were used more widely and their production became more sophisticated. Its materials include gold, silver, copper, iron, etc., with copper being the most common. Some are plated with gold and silver, covered with gold and silver on the back, or inlaid with gold and silver wire. Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there are also handles, square ones, and various patterns. It was not until the late Ming Dynasty that people began to use glass as mirrors. After Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, glass began to become popular among the people. Until the early years of the Republic of China, copper mirrors were still used in a few remote areas.

Qin is the oldest mirror. However, the mirrors from Qin that have been handed down to this day are all unearthed, and those handed down from generation to generation cannot be obtained. Because in ancient times, the dead used mirrors as gifts to those who were buried, that is, they were buried with mirrors, which means "brightening the underworld". This became a trend that has been followed by the times. Therefore, most of the famous mirrors in ancient times were buried. However, ancient mirrors with good copper quality will not lose their beautiful texture even after being buried in the ground for many years. Therefore, thousands of years later, the great artifacts of the ancients can still be seen.

Although mirrors began in the Qin Dynasty. But the real Qin Jing is actually difficult to obtain. Because the Qin Dynasty was short-lived and its products were limited, and the custom of burial was not as good as that of later dynasties, most of the oldest mirrors available today are products of the Han Dynasty. The production of Han mirrors is extremely exquisite, and many of them are inlaid with jewels. Most of the inscriptions are "Twelve Cents", which probably means self-encouragement. There are especially many imperial mirrors in Shangfang, so the unearthed ancient mirrors have bright lacquer, bright patterns, uniform and flawless characters, clear writing, and vertical and horizontal strokes. Bronze mirrors in the Han Dynasty have inscriptions, and the inscriptions are all auspicious sentences, such as family prosperity, good descendants, great wealth, great auspiciousness, etc. The names of the mirrors include the Sun and Moon Mirror, the Twelve Birthday Mirror, the Shangfang Royal Mirror, the Evil Mirror, the Immortal Mirror, the Divine Mirror, the Yiguan Mirror, etc., which are countless. They probably all use inscriptions or names given to them by the author. Only the Tang Dynasty had a light-transmitting mirror, and the words on the back of the mirror could be clearly reflected on the wall when facing the sun or light.

Looking at the history of the development of ancient Chinese bronze mirrors, since the emergence of bronze mirrors in my country four thousand years ago, bronze mirrors in various periods reflect its early (Qijia culture and Shang and Zhou bronze mirrors), popular ( Bronze mirrors of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods), heyday (bronze mirrors of the Han Dynasty), decline (bronze mirrors of the Three Kingdoms, Jin, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties), prosperity (bronze mirrors of the Sui and Tang Dynasties), decline (bronze mirrors of the Five Dynasties, Ten Kingdoms, Song, Jin, and Yuan Dynasties), etc. several stages. Judging from its popularity, casting technology, artistic style and achievements, the Warring States, Han and Tang Dynasties are the three most important development periods.

3. Want to know the history of bronze mirrors

Bronze mirrors are mirrors made of copper in ancient times.

In ancient times, bronze mirrors were closely related to people’s daily lives and were indispensable living utensils. Bronze mirrors are also exquisite handicrafts.

It is well-made, beautiful in shape, gorgeous in pattern, and rich in inscriptions. It is a treasure in my country's ancient cultural heritage. The ancient mirror means big basin, and its name is prison.

"Shuowen" said: "The prison can take water from the bright moon, and because it can be seen that it can be illuminated, it is used as a mirror." At the beginning of the Three Dynasties, prisons were made of tiles, so in ancient times There is no gold letter next to the word "supervisor".

In the early Shang Dynasty, bronze mirrors began to be cast, and later the characters also had gold radicals. During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, although there were bronze mirrors, tile mirrors were still popular.

It was not until the Qin Dynasty that bronze mirrors began to be cast. Because mirrors were more useful than mirrors in many ways, after the Qin Dynasty, water was no longer used as a mirror. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, mirrors were used more widely and their production became more sophisticated.

Its materials include gold, silver, copper, iron, etc., with copper being the most common. Some are plated with gold and silver, covered with gold and silver on the back, or inlaid with gold and silver wire. Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there are also handles, square ones, and various patterns.

It was not until the end of the Ming Dynasty that glass was used as a mirror. After Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, glass began to become popular among the people.

Until the early years of the Republic of China, copper mirrors were still used in a few remote areas. Qin is the oldest mirror, but the mirrors from Qin that have been handed down to this day are all unearthed, and those handed down from generation to generation are not available.

Because in ancient times, the dead used mirrors as gifts to those who were buried, that is, they were buried with mirrors, which means "brightening the underworld". This became a trend that has been followed by the times. Therefore, most of the famous mirrors in ancient times were buried. However, ancient mirrors with good copper quality will not lose their beautiful texture even after being buried for many years.

Therefore, thousands of years later, the great artifacts of the ancients can still be seen. Although the mirror began in the Qin Dynasty.

But the real Qin Jing is actually difficult to obtain. Because the Qin Dynasty was short-lived and its products were limited, and the custom of burial was not as good as that of later dynasties, most of the oldest mirrors available today are products of the Han Dynasty.

Han mirrors are extremely exquisitely made, and many of them are inlaid with jewels. Most of the inscriptions are "Twelve Cents", which probably means self-encouragement.

There are especially many imperial mirrors in Shangfang, so the unearthed ancient mirrors have bright lacquer, bright patterns, uniform and flawless characters, clear writing, and vertical and horizontal strokes. Bronze mirrors in the Han Dynasty all have inscriptions, and the inscriptions are all auspicious sentences, such as family prosperity, good descendants, great wealth, great auspiciousness, etc.

The names of the mirrors include the Sun and Moon Mirror, the Twelve Birthday Mirror, the Shangfang Royal Mirror, the Evil Mirror, the Immortal Mirror, the Divine Mirror, the Yiguan Mirror, etc., which are countless. They probably all use inscriptions or names given to them by the author.

Only the Tang Dynasty had a light-transmitting mirror. When the words on the back of the mirror are facing the sun or light, they can be clearly reflected on the wall. Looking at the history of the development of ancient Chinese bronze mirrors, since the emergence of bronze mirrors in my country four thousand years ago, bronze mirrors in various periods reflect its early days (Qijia culture and Shang and Zhou bronze mirrors), popularity (Spring and Autumn and Warring States bronze mirrors), and its peak (bronze mirrors of the Han Dynasty), middle decline (bronze mirrors of the Three Kingdoms, Jin, Wei, and Southern and Northern Dynasties), prosperity (bronze mirrors of the Sui and Tang Dynasties), and decline (bronze mirrors of the Five Dynasties, Ten Kingdoms, Song, Jin, and Yuan Dynasties).

Judging from its popularity, casting technology, artistic style and its achievements, the Warring States, Han and Tang Dynasties are the three most important development periods.

4. The development history of bronze mirrors

Looking at the history of the development of bronze mirrors in ancient China, since the emergence of bronze mirrors in my country four thousand years ago, bronze mirrors in various periods have reflected its Early period (Qijia culture and bronze mirrors of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties), popular (bronze mirrors of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods), peak period (bronze mirrors of the Han Dynasty), middle decline (bronze mirrors of the Three Kingdoms, Jin, Wei, and Southern and Northern Dynasties), prosperity (bronze mirrors of the Sui and Tang Dynasties), and decline (bronze mirrors of the Sui and Tang Dynasties). Five Dynasties, Ten Kingdoms, Song, Jin, Yuan bronze mirrors) and other stages.

Judging from its popularity, casting technology, artistic style and its achievements, the Warring States, Han and Tang Dynasties are the three most important development periods. Qijia Culture to the Western Zhou Dynasty Qijia Shang and Zhou bronze mirrors are all round.

The mirror surface is flat or slightly convex, the mirror body is thin, and most of them are bow-shaped or bridge-shaped buttons. Mainly plain mirrors, heavy ring mirrors and bird and animal pattern mirrors appeared in the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty.

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, from the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period to the early Warring States Period.

The types of mirrors that appeared and became popular during this period include: plain mirrors (full plain mirrors, single-circle, double-circle convex string plain mirrors), pure ground pattern mirrors (square ones are rare, the patterns have ground patterns, but no inscriptions), Mosaic mirror, four-mountain mirror, multi-button mirror, etc.

They are generally thin and round in body, with small bridge-shaped buttons on them. In the middle period of the Warring States Period, there were many types of bronze mirrors.

The patterns of bronze mirrors have also changed. For example, the leaf pattern mirrors in mosaic mirrors have changed from simple three-leaf, four-leaf to eight-leaf mirrors, and petal mirrors and mosaic-leaf mirrors with cloud and thunder patterns have also appeared. The mountain characters of the Four Mountain Mirror have changed from thick and short to thinner, and there are petal patterns, long leaf patterns, and rope patterns between the mountain characters, which is quite complicated.

There are also five mountain mirrors and six mountain mirrors. The types of mirrors that appeared at this time include rhombus pattern mirrors, animal pattern mirrors, panchi pattern mirrors, continuous arc pattern mirrors, gold and silver staggered pattern mirrors, painted mirrors, etc.

From the late Warring States Period to the end of the Qin Dynasty, four-leaf panchi mirrors, panchi rhombus mirrors, and three-layered cloud and thunder pattern ground panchi mirrors with arc patterns appeared. In the Han Dynasty, in addition to the mirrors of the Warring States Period, the most popular bronze mirrors include: mirrors with a chivalry pattern, mirrors with a leopard pattern, mirrors with grass patterns, nebula mirrors, mirrors with clouds and thunder arcs, regular mirrors with bird and animal patterns, and rearranged mirrors. Mirrors with mythical beasts, mirrors with continuous arcs and inscriptions, mirrors with double circles of inscriptions, mirrors with four breasts and beasts, mirrors with multiple breasts and beasts, deformed four-leaf mirrors, mirrors with mythical beasts, portrait mirrors, mirrors with dragon and tiger patterns, daylight mirrors with arcs, four breasts Divine Mirror, Mirror with Seven Breasts and Four Divine Birds and Animals Patterns, etc.

The Han Dynasty was an important period for the development of bronze mirrors in my country. Among Chinese bronze mirrors, Han mirrors are the most unearthed and widely used. Han mirrors are not only more numerous than those in the Warring States Period, but also have great development in production forms and artistic expression techniques.

Judging from its development trend, it can be divided into three major stages. Important changes occurred in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the period of Wang Mang in the late Western Han Dynasty, and the middle period of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The early Western Han Dynasty was the period of alternation between the Warring States Mirror and the Han Mirror.

It was not until the middle of the Western Han Dynasty and around Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty that some new types of mirrors became popular. These new types of mirrors played a connecting role in the development of bronze mirrors in later generations.

According to the data on bronze mirrors unearthed from archaeological excavations during the Three Kingdoms, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, the following types of bronze mirrors were popular during this period: Divine beast mirrors: rearranged mythical beast mirrors, wrap-around mythical beast mirrors, The painting is accompanied by a mirror of Buddha and beasts. Types of deformed four-leaf pattern mirrors: deformed four-leaf driving phoenix mirror, deformed four-leaf Buddha bird and phoenix mirror, deformed four-leaf animal head mirror, double rhombus mirror, and auspicious animal mirror.

At this time, the green dragon, white tiger, red bird, black basalt and mythical beasts are combined into the decorative theme. The inscriptions at this time were difficult to decipher because of the text. Although some inscription mirrors were found, few could be clearly identified.

The most chronological inscriptions were found in Wu mirrors, including: Huanglong Yiniao, Jianxing, Wufeng, Taiping, Shui'an, Ganlu, Fenghuang, etc. New mirror types with different shapes appeared in the Three Kingdoms, the Two Jins, and the Southern and Northern Dynasties. There are many, mainly following the style of Han mirrors. At this time, there were not many types of bronze mirrors, the types were concentrated, and there were very few innovations.

At this time, the mythical beast mirror was most widely spread. Among the deformed mirrors with four leaves and eight phoenixes, the majority are deformed mirrors with four leaves and eight phoenixes.

Judging from the development history of bronze mirrors, this period was in a period of stagnation and decline. Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties Periods The Tang Dynasty was another new historical period in the development history of bronze mirrors in my country.

Bronze mirrors of the Sui and Tang Dynasties have made new developments compared with previous generations. The tin component is increased in the copper alloy, and the texture of the copper mirror appears silvery, which is both beautiful and practical.

In terms of the shape of bronze mirrors, in addition to continuing to use the round and square shapes of the previous generation, they also created rhombus style and thicker bird and animal grape pattern mirrors. And pictures that reflect people's lives and people's pursuit of ideals, auspiciousness, and happiness are applied to the mirror, such as moon palaces, immortals, landscapes, etc.

And there appeared gold and silver flat mirrors and mother-of-pearl mirrors with novel themes, gorgeous patterns, and exquisite workmanship. This is a product of the high artistic level of the Tang Dynasty, which fully demonstrates the characteristics of bronze mirrors in the Tang Dynasty.

The development of bronze mirrors in the Sui and Tang Dynasties went through three stages. During the Sui Dynasty and the early Tang Dynasty, the theme decorations of bronze mirrors were mainly auspicious animals, and auspicious animal mirrors were relatively popular, and auspicious animal mirrors were an important type in the development process of the Sui and Tang Dynasties.

In addition to inheriting the tradition of ancient Chinese bronze mirrors, it also has new innovations. The auspicious animal grape mirror is an eye-catching type of mirror in the Tang Dynasty. It opened the prelude to the mirror-themed decoration in the Tang Dynasty.

From the period of Tang Gaozong to Tang Dezong, new forms, new themes, and new styles appeared in the decoration of bronze mirrors, bringing bronze mirrors into a gorgeous era. From Tang Dezong to the late Tang and Five Dynasties periods, bird mirrors, auspicious flower mirrors, and panlong mirrors were mainly popular.

One of the biggest features of Tang Dynasty mirrors is the diversity of artistic styles or techniques. The art of bronze mirrors also presents a rich "Tang Dynasty atmosphere".

Song, Liao, Jin and Bronze Mirrors Before the Tang Dynasty, Chinese bronze mirrors were mainly round, with very few square ones. After the Song Dynasty, in addition to inheriting the past round, square, sunflower-shaped, and rhombus-shaped mirrors, sunflower-shaped and rhombus-shaped mirrors were the most common.

Their edges are different from those in the Tang Dynasty, some are straighter, forming hexagonal mirrors. In addition, there are many styles such as handle mirror, rectangular, chicken heart-shaped, shield-shaped, bell-shaped tripod, etc.

There are also many bronze mirrors with decorative themes of flowers, plants, birds and animals, landscapes, small bridges, balconies and people's stories, as well as plain mirrors and narrow-edged small button mirrors without patterns. These themes all have strong cultural appeal. Breath of life. In addition, there are some gods, character story mirrors and Bagua mirrors.

Jin Dynasty Bronze Mirrors Judging from the Jin Dynasty bronze mirrors unearthed from archaeological excavations in recent decades, their main bodies and patterns are also very rich. Although many of them imitate the workmanship of bronze mirrors from the Han, Tang, and Song dynasties, there are also some unique patterns.

Common ones include double front mirrors, historical figures story mirrors, coiling dragon mirrors, auspicious animal mirrors, auspicious flower mirrors, etc. The bronze mirror decorations of the Jin Dynasty imitated the patterns of the bronze mirrors of the Han, Tang and Song dynasties; second, they absorbed the patterns of the former and created some new patterns.

Pisces mirrors and character story mirrors are more common, especially Pisces mirrors and children’s climbing branch mirrors are the most popular. Yuan.

5. The history of the development of bronze mirrors from the Warring States Period to the Tang Dynasty

In addition to continuing to use the Warring States Period bronze mirrors in the Han Dynasty, the most popular bronze mirrors in the Han Dynasty include: Panchi Pattern Mirror, Panchi Pattern Mirror Pattern mirror, seal pattern mirror, nebula mirror, cloud and thunder arc pattern mirror, bird and animal pattern regular mirror, rearranged mythical animal mirror, continuous arc pattern inscription mirror, double circle inscription mirror, four breasts animal pattern mirror, multiple breasts animal pattern mirror Mirrors, deformed four-leaf mirrors, mythical beast mirrors, portrait mirrors, dragon and tiger pattern mirrors, daylight arc mirrors, four-breasted mirrors, seven-breasted and four-breasted mirrors with animal patterns, etc. The Han Dynasty was an important period for the development of bronze mirrors in my country. Among Chinese bronze mirrors, Han mirrors are the most unearthed and widely used. Han mirrors are not only more numerous than those during the Warring States Period, but also have great development in production forms and artistic expression techniques. From its development trend, it can be divided into three major stages. Important changes occurred in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the period of Wang Mang in the late Western Han Dynasty, and the middle period of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The early Western Han Dynasty was the period of alternation between the Warring States Mirror and the Han Mirror. It was not until the middle of the Western Han Dynasty that some new types of mirrors became popular around Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. These new types of mirrors played a connecting role in the development of bronze mirrors in later generations. The Tang Dynasty was another new historical period in the development history of bronze mirrors in my country. Bronze mirrors of the Sui and Tang Dynasties have made new developments compared with previous generations. The tin component is increased in the copper alloy, and the texture of the copper mirror appears silvery, which is both beautiful and practical. In terms of the shape of bronze mirrors, in addition to continuing to use the round and square shapes of the previous generation, they also created rhombus style and thicker bird, animal and grape pattern mirrors. And pictures that reflect people's lives and people's pursuit of ideals, auspiciousness, and happiness are applied to the mirror, such as moon palaces, immortals, landscapes, etc. And there appeared gold and silver flat mirrors and mother-of-pearl mirrors with novel themes, gorgeous decorations and exquisite workmanship. This is a product of the high artistic level of the Tang Dynasty, which fully demonstrates the characteristics of bronze mirrors in the Tang Dynasty. The development of bronze mirrors in the Sui and Tang Dynasties went through three stages. During the Sui Dynasty and the early Tang Dynasty, the theme decorations of bronze mirrors were mainly auspicious animals, and auspicious animal mirrors were relatively popular, and auspicious animal mirrors were an important type in the development process of the Sui and Tang Dynasties. In addition to inheriting the tradition of ancient Chinese bronze mirrors, it also has new innovations. The auspicious animal grape mirror is an eye-catching type of mirror in the Tang Dynasty. It opened the prelude to the mirror-themed decoration in the Tang Dynasty. From the period of Tang Gaozong to Tang Dezong, new forms, new themes, and new styles appeared in the decoration of bronze mirrors, bringing bronze mirrors into a gorgeous and gorgeous era. From Tang Dezong to the late Tang and Five Dynasties periods, bird mirrors, auspicious flower mirrors, and panlong mirrors were mainly popular. One of the biggest features of Tang Dynasty mirrors is the diversity of artistic styles or techniques. The art of bronze mirrors also presents a rich "Tang Dynasty atmosphere".

I saw this on Bobo Baozhen Mall, let me show it to you.

6. The most prosperous period of the development history of bronze mirrors

Ancient bronze mirrors were used for reflection. The patterns on the back of the mirror have individual identity and carry rich history. Cultural value, so some people call it a "turn over and look at" cultural relics. Yesterday morning, the two-day "China Shaoxing Bronze Mirror and East Asian Ancient Civilization International Academic Forum" opened in Keqiao. Bronze mirrors from China, Japan and South Korea More than 100 experts and scholars in mirror research focused on the theme of "Bronze Mirrors and Ancient East Asian Civilizations" and held academic seminars, seminars and other forms to discuss the types of bronze mirrors, product distribution range, smelting technology, development history and other related historical and cultural issues in this region. The discussion and exchange of information also revealed the rich and mysterious humanistic history behind each mirror... The long history of ancient bronze mirrors. Bronze mirrors, a treasure in ancient Chinese cultural heritage, were used by ancient people to look at their faces. The main tool for decoration is closely related to people's daily life; it is also closely related to the national cultural beliefs and customs of the region. Its function and mission gradually withdrew from the stage of history with the emergence and popularization of glass mirrors. It is understood that, The history of Chinese bronze mirrors can be traced back to the Qijia Culture period about 4,000 years ago from existing archaeological data. In 1977, a bronze mirror with a diameter of 9 cm was unearthed from the Qijia Culture Cemetery in Matai, Guinan County, Qinghai Province. 0.4 cm thick, with a smooth surface and an irregular seven-pointed star geometric pattern on the back. Since then, bronze mirrors from the Shang and Zhou dynasties have been found from time to time, but the bronze mirror craftsmanship is still in its infancy. By the Han Dynasty, bronze mirror production had developed greatly. In addition to changes in some early decorations, inscriptions appeared in the decorations, and even varieties with inscriptions as the main decorations appeared. At the same time, some high-relief decorations, such as mirrors of mythical beasts and portraits, Bronze mirrors such as mirrors and dragon-tiger mirrors also began to appear. The exquisite high-relief craftsmanship makes the characters, gods, chariots, horses, dragons, tigers, and animals in the picture vivid and lifelike, reaching the pinnacle of Han mirror craftsmanship. Decoration and shape craftsmanship The exquisite bronze mirrors of the Sui and Tang Dynasties have undergone great changes in their patterns and shapes compared to the previous generations. In terms of patterns, they use a realistic style and use relief techniques to express auspicious animals, dragons and phoenixes, birds, flowers and human stories, etc. It has become the main theme of decorative patterns on bronze mirrors; in terms of shape, there are mirror shapes such as rhombus mirrors, sunflower mirrors, square mirrors, sub-frame mirrors, etc. that are completely different from the past. Therefore, the bronze mirrors of the Tang Dynasty showed great style in style. The rich, open and heroic spirit of the Tang Dynasty. Among them, the typical auspicious animal inscribed mirrors, sea animal grape mirrors and some special craft mirrors during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, with their vivid decorative shapes, exquisite craftsmanship and magnificent overall style, impressed people With a strong artistic impact. The bronze mirrors of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, in addition to following the mirror shape of the previous generation, appeared in a variety of new shapes such as rectangular, peach-shaped, bell-shaped, bottle-shaped and handles on the mirror; the decorative themes were trademarks. Most of the fonts and twigs are decorated with flowers and birds; the alloy composition of the body has changed significantly compared with the Han and Tang Dynasties, and the body tends to be light and thin, paying more attention to practicality. After the Song Dynasty moved south, the mirror-casting handicraft industry in Zhejiang and Zhejiang, mainly in Huzhou, was very developed. The most private workshops were found in Huzhou. From the mirror inscriptions, the main ones seen are: Shijia, Shi Xiaoerge, Shi Erlang, Shi San, Shi Shilang, Shi Sanlang, up to Shi Liushilang and other workshops with Shi surnames. , and bronze mirrors made by the Li family, the Xu family, the Jiang family, etc. In addition, there are also "Hangzhou Zhenshi uncle's bronze mirrors", "Hangzhou Zhong family's bronze mirrors are now opening to the west under the Qingdao Bridge in Yuezhou", "Yuezhou Xu family's bronze mirrors" Bronze mirrors with inscriptions on the place of casting such as "Bronze Zhaozi" and "Yuezhou Daizong Bronze Zhaozi" were unearthed. The glorious past of Kuaiji ancient bronze mirrors Shaoxing's ancient bronze mirrors occupy an important position in the history of the development of Chinese bronze mirrors. Examine the existing data The bronze mirrors from the Warring States Period unearthed from the Xishi Mountain site in Shaoxing are the earliest physical examples of the era found in Zhejiang. In the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, bronze mirrors with Zhaoming Mirror, Sunlight Mirror and Panchi Mirror as the mainstream continued to emerge; during the Eastern Han Dynasty, bronze mirrors appeared again It has a wider range of categories such as Shangfang mirror, regular mirror, animal mirror and so on. Shaoxing was called Kuaiji in ancient times. Kuaiji bronze mirrors gradually emerged in the early Eastern Han Dynasty. During the Han Dynasty, a large number of people from the north moved southward and Ma Zhen, the prefect of Kuaiji in the Eastern Han Dynasty, built Jianhu Lake. Shaoxing's agriculture and handicraft economy have developed greatly, laying a certain economic foundation for the development of Kuaiji bronze mirrors. In addition, the rich copper, lead, tin and other mineral resources in Kuaiji area also provided the necessary conditions for the rise of Kuaiji bronze mirrors. The conditions are guaranteed. There is a record in the "Yue Jueshu" that "the mountains of Red Pansy break out of tin, and the Ruoye River dries up and out of copper." In addition, the Yue State has a traditional smelting and casting industry that is famous for its sword making. Technology made Kuaiji one of the mirror casting centers in the country at that time. Kuaiji Copper

Mirrors occupy an important position in the development of Chinese bronze mirrors and have a profound impact. "Shaoxing is the most important mirror casting center in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Sun Wu period of the Three Kingdoms. The Kuaiji Mirror centered on Shaoxing is an important brand and innovation of Chinese bronze mirrors. The image has distinct characteristics of the times and hell. Bronze mirror culture is an important part of Shaoxing's history and culture. This is why this forum is held in Shaoxing." Many bronze mirror research experts have expressed this view. Why are people so fascinated by bronze mirrors? Rusty bronze mirrors are engraved with the traces of time. They can no longer reflect people's faces, but there are still so many people fascinated by them. Why is this? Lin Huadong, director of the History Institute of the Provincial Academy of Social Sciences, explained the reason: Today, ancient bronze mirrors condense culture and authenticate history with their unique artistic charm. Although the mirror's former smoothness has been lost, the unique patterns and inscriptions on the back of the mirror carry Rich history and culture. Some experts say that the invention and use of bronze was a major leap in the history of human civilization. As an important symbol of the advanced productivity at that time, my country's Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties were called the "Brilliant Bronze Age". The Spring and Autumn Period After the Warring States Period, bronze ware gradually declined and was replaced by more advanced iron ware that represented productivity. However, the manufacture and use of bronze mirrors did not decline due to the decline of bronze ware. On the contrary, there was unprecedented prosperity and development. Therefore, ancient bronze mirrors It is also regarded as the continuation of bronze culture. Bronze mirrors have already appeared in the early Bronze Age. It was not until the emergence of mercury glass mirrors in the Qing Dynasty that they withdrew from the practical field; however, the cultural and historical value contained in them attracted people's attention. It has attracted more and more people to study and collect. The casting technology, copper quality, decoration, inscriptions, etc. of bronze mirrors in the past dynasties all reflect the specific background of the times, reflecting the politics, economy, religion, literature, art and customs of the time.

7. What is the development history of Chinese mirrors

The early stage of Chinese slave society was in the Bronze Age. Through long-term bronze smelting practice, people understood the alloy composition, properties and The relationship between uses, and the ratio of copper, tin, and lead can be manually controlled. The ancient book "Kaogong Ji" records that "gold has six qi", that is, the six ratios of alloys. Among them, the last one is: "Gold, half tin, which is called the balance of Jiansui." It is the ratio used to make bronze mirrors. "Jian" refers to the mirror, which has a high tin content, because the copper mirror has a bright surface and silvery white luster, and it also needs casting properties to ensure a delicate pattern. Our ancestors made exquisite "translucent mirrors" more than 2,000 years ago, which can reflect the beautiful patterns behind the bronze mirror, thus arousing great excitement among the world. In order to solve the mystery of the "translucent mirror", scholars at home and abroad have spent hundreds of years conducting research and exploration. It was not until modern times that they discovered that this is because the mirror surface has slightly unequal curvature relative to the pattern on the back after manufacturing and processing. Reflection reflects the pattern on the back. This fully illustrates the superb mirror-making technology and profound understanding of light reflection characteristics in ancient my country.

In the spring of 1976, a bronze mirror was discovered in Fuhao's tomb in Yinxu, Henan, my country, dating back more than 200 years. Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, has a famous saying: "If people use copper as a mirror, they can straighten their clothes; if they use ancient times as a mirror, they can see the ups and downs; if they use people as a mirror, they can know gains and losses." What is meant by using copper as a mirror here is Bronze mirror. In "Mulan Ci", which describes Hua Mulan joining the army for her father, there is a sentence: "When you are arranging cloud mane by the window, you are applying yellow decals to the mirror." This mirror also refers to a bronze mirror. Bronze mirrors are made from an alloy of copper and tin. From bronze mirrors to glass mirrors, they have experienced a long and interesting history. Glass mirrors were first invented in Sidon, Syria, around BC. After the Roman era, it slowly developed. However, due to the poor fortunes of Roman glass craftsmanship, it quickly declined. The development of the mirror industry also completely declined in the 5th and 6th centuries, and there was no major development again. After the European Renaissance, glass mirrors It was exported to the East again. At that time, Venetian mirrors and French mirrors were very popular. About 100 years ago, Japan, China and other Asian countries began to use glass mirrors instead of metal mirrors. This has rewritten the monotonous and hazy history of Asian mirrors and contributed to a thorough Perfect light reflection; at the same time, it also activates the fashion pulse of the makeup mirror.

Mirrors are indispensable household items in daily life. They are both practical and decorative. Humans have been using mirrors for more than 500 years. Ancient humans first saw their own image in the water of rivers and ponds, so there was a stage where water was used as a mirror. Viewing images in rivers and ponds is limited by natural conditions. When it is windy or raining, the water surface is uneven or the water flow is turbid, and the image cannot be seen clearly.

So it evolved from life experience to using vessels to hold water to take pictures. This is the "water mirror". The earliest people used pottery basins to hold water to see their own image. Among the cultural relics of primitive society unearthed in Banpo Village, Xi'an, my country, there are pottery pots used to hold water. Later, there were copper basins, and copper basins were used to hold water. Using the "water mirror", you can only look down at the image, but not up. In the Bronze Age, because the copper surface could reflect light, people directly used the copper surface to take pictures, thus producing the bronze mirror. During the Warring States Period, due to the great changes in social production relations, various crafts and technologies developed rapidly, and bronze mirror production technology continued to improve. The back of the bronze mirror is often embossed in low relief or inlaid with gold and silver wire to create various patterns and become exquisite handicrafts. Bronze mirrors were used in my country for more than 3,000 years until they were replaced by glass mirrors in the late Qing Dynasty.