"Know the nature of fish near the water, and know the sounds of birds near the mountains" comes from "Zengguang Xianwen", which is an enlightenment book for children in ancient China. It is also known as "Xianwen of the Past" and "Xianwen of Ancient and Modern Times". The name was first seen in the opera "The Peony Pavilion" during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. From this, it can be inferred that the book was written during the Wanli period at the latest. Later, after continuous additions by literati in the Ming and Qing dynasties, it was changed to its current appearance, called " "Zengguang Xianwen", commonly known as "Zengguang Xianwen". The author has never been found in any book. We only know that the Confucian scholar Zhou Xitao revised it during the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty. It is probably the crystallization of folk creation.

The content of "Zeng Guangxian" generally has the following aspects: first, it talks about people and interpersonal relationships, second, it talks about destiny, third, it talks about how to live in the world, and fourth, it expresses views on reading. In "Zeng Guang Xian" In the world described in the "Article", people are hypocritical, and they are fickle for their own selfish purposes. They hate the poor and love the rich, and follow the crowd, which makes the world full of traps and crises. There is a lot of emphasis on fate and retribution in the article, which believes that people's Everything is arranged by fate, and people should do good deeds to have good fortunes. These contents have their negative side, but they advocate doing good deeds and doing good deeds, which is worthy of recognition. "Zengguang Xianwen" has a lot of space to describe how This part of dealing with others is the core of the whole article. The article describes tolerance a lot and believes that tolerance is a way to eliminate troubles and disasters. While advocating self-protection and caution and tolerance, it also emphasizes people's subjective initiative and believes that this is the principle of doing things. There is also a lot of advice in the article to encourage people to do good, "You must not have the intention of harming others, and you must have the intention of guarding against others."

Although "Zengguang Xianwen" is mainly based on Taoist thoughts, it does not contain Confucian teachings. Exclusion. The article emphasizes the importance of reading and the value of filial piety. These views reflect the orthodox Confucian spirit and are somewhat inconsistent with the Taoist thought that permeates the book. But it is precisely because of this complexity that people with different ideas can learn from it. Seeing the maxims that you recognize makes it widely representative.

Zengguang Xianwen is a collection of rhymed proverbs and good quotes from literature. Its content is very extensive, ranging from etiquette and morality. It covers almost everything from laws and regulations to customs and allusions, astronomy and geography, and the sentences are smooth and easy to understand. But the core is about the philosophy of life and the way to live in the world. Some of the proverbs and sayings reflect the development of the Chinese nation over thousands of years. The fine tradition of hard work, simplicity, and hard work has become a precious spiritual wealth, such as "A year's plan begins in spring, a day's plan begins in the morning", "One meal and one porridge, remember that it is hard-earned, half a thread, half a strand, lasting." "Thinking about material resources being difficult" and so on; many contents about society and life have been tempered by the vicissitudes of life and have become warning mottos, such as "Good medicine is bitter in the mouth and good for the disease, and loyal words are harsh to the ears and good for deeds", "Good will be rewarded with good, evil will be punished with evil" "Retribution", "Extreme joy brings sorrow," etc. Some proverbs and sayings summarize people's experience in fighting nature for thousands of years and become concise and vivid philosophical scientific knowledge, such as "Near the water, you know the nature of fish, and the sound of birds near the mountains." ", "The first to see the moon is the tower near the water, and the flowers and trees in the sun are early to meet the spring", etc.

Full text of Zengguang Xianwen

Respect the teacher with respect, love for others and be kind.

Money is like dung, but benevolence and righteousness are worth a thousand gold.

Do things according to natural principles, and speak according to people's hearts.

When you are in a wealthy place, you must be reserved about the pain of poverty and lowliness. When you are young and strong, , we must remember the bitterness of aging.

Filial piety should be done to the best of one's ability, not just to nourish the body.

Crows have the filial piety to feed back, and sheep know the kindness of kneeling to breast.

Killing tigers We still need brothers, and we need father and son to fight.

If father and son are in harmony, the family will not be defeated, and if brothers are in harmony, the family will not be divided.

Know yourself and the enemy, and compare your hearts with your own.

Responsible for yourself with a heart that is responsible for others, and love others with a heart that loves yourself.

Indulgence in greed is a sea of ??suffering, burning desire for profit is a pit of fire.

Don’t think about trends at any time, and be free from vulgarity. Common mind.

Cherish the shade day and night, cherish the lamp when sitting at night. Reading must be done with intention, a word is worth a thousand pieces of gold.

If you don’t frown in your life, there should be no gnashing of teeth in the world.

You know the nature of fish when you are close to the water, you know the sound of birds when you are close to the mountains.

You know the power of horses when you are far away, and you know the people's hearts when you are close to the water.

Forgiving people is not an idiot, and an idiot will not forgive others. < /p>

I don’t blame myself for the short barrel and rope, but I blame others for the deep well.

Beautiful or not, it’s the water in the hometown; closeness or not, it’s the people of my hometown.

The harvest is endless. A close relative, an inseparable neighbor.

But do good deeds without worrying about the future.

The dull bird flies first, and the big one blooms late.

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The plan for a year depends on spring, and the plan for a day depends on Yin.

The plan for a family depends on harmony, and the plan for a lifetime depends on diligence.

Don’t be too thin if you are not sick. Don't blame the poor.

How can you do everything you want, but you only want to be clear of people's hearts.

Listen to one side and you will be dark, listen to both and you will be clear.

Hearing with the ears is false, seeing with the eyes is true. Reality.

Don't give small favors to the general public, don't use public opinions to gain personal feelings.

Don't judge people's shortcomings because of their own strengths, and don't be afraid of others' abilities because of their own clumsiness. .

I don’t do anything wrong on weekdays, and I won’t be surprised when I knock on the door in the middle of the night.

The peonies are so empty that they come into my eyes, but the jujube flowers are small and strong.

Ru Wei If you are not cautious, no one in the world will compete with you for your ability; if you do not attack, no one in the world will compete with you for merit.

Being clear does not hurt observation, and being straight cannot correct.

Benevolence can make good judgments, Pure ability and tolerance.

Don’t show off your talents by being self-righteous, don’t try lightly to get merit.

Enjoy not more than what is deserved, and practice without losing the average.

The liver and intestines are as warm as the spring breeze. Although I have no money in my pocket, I still feel pity for being alone;

The Qi and bones are as clear as autumn water. Even though my family has only four walls, I will always be proud of the prince.

I will be diligent in my delicious food early. Support, when the sunset is not long.

When you are favored, you miss humiliation, and when you are in peace, you are wary of danger.

Being famous is always in poor days, and failure is mostly due to pride.

Xu Renyi Things worth a thousand dollars cannot be moved.

Once a word is spoken, it is hard to chase it back.

Be knowledgeable and determined, ask questions carefully and think deeply.

Cherish money and stop teaching your children. To protect your shortcomings, don’t follow the teacher.

You must know that children can be taught, don’t say that children know nothing.

Sit quietly and think often, and don’t talk about people’s faults in small talk.

Three people When we travel together, we must have our teachers, choose those who are good and follow them, and those who are not good, change them.

If there is little evil in the relationship, you will be burdened by it for a long time; if you are old and mature, you can depend on each other in times of crisis.

< p>The heart and the mouth are the same, and children and elders do not deceive. If people have good thoughts, God will bless them.

Don't be afraid to correct your mistakes, but don't deceive yourself. Those who say good things to me are my thieves,

Those who say evil things to me are good teachers.

If you don’t learn enough to practice, you will be like a horse or an ox.

To make friends, you must win over yourself. It is better to be like me than to have nothing.

A conversation with you is worth ten years of reading.

When the water is clear, there will be no fish; Slanted but more than enough.

Being serious is still comfortable, and cheating takes effort.

What is right and what is wrong is determined by the court, and if you don't listen, it will be natural.

If you are clever enough, you will cause trouble.

Wealth begins with promotion, and poverty does not count.

It is not appropriate to hire people at the right time, and those who think about their effectiveness will go; p>

Pleasure cannot be extreme, extreme happiness will bring sorrow; desire cannot be indulged, and indulgence in lust will cause disaster.

Watch your words and deeds, and your deeds will take care of your words.

Don't make trouble in the world, but Leave your innocence in the world.

Don’t let the doubts of the crowd hinder your independent views, and don’t let your own ideas invalidate others’ opinions.

Be detached from yourself and be kind to others. Be proud when you are proud, and be calm when you are frustrated. .

It is easy to go from frugality to luxury, but it is difficult to go from luxury to frugality.

A dead tree will grow again in spring, and no one will be young again twice.

My children and grandchildren are better than me. , What do I need money for? My children and grandchildren are not as good as me, so what do I need money for?

Be courteous to others and be loyal to the family.

If you don’t have knowledge or skills, just study.

< p>If you work with governance, you will not prosper, and if you work with chaos, you will not perish.

If you live in a simple and simple life, you must train your children in a righteous way.

If you are rich and do not educate your children, you will have money and grain. Destroy.

If you don’t educate your children, you will not be able to live long.

If a person has no long-term worries, he will have immediate worries.

Don’t dig a well when you are thirsty. Be prepared before it rains.

Although wine is itchy and chaotic, water can carry and capsize a boat.

Those who restrain themselves will turn into medicine when they touch things; those who help others will enlighten them. The mouth is like a sword and a spear.

Children and grandchildren will have their own blessings, so don’t act like cattle and horses with them.

After all, there are tigers hidden in the mountains, and the sea must accept a trickle.

Don't flatter a gentleman, for a gentleman has no selfish favors; don't enmity with a villain, a villain is his own enemy.

When you climb high, you will humble yourself; when you travel far, you will feel short of yourself.

Sharpen your sword. Hatred is not good, and a sharp knife hurts someone's finger; seeking money is not enough, but having too much money will eventually make you tired.

Home depends on the person you are close to, wealth depends on what you do; wealth depends on it

He who does not do what he does is poor and regards what he does not take.

If you are content with what you have, you will never be humiliated; Tao: villains make profits and ignore the laws of nature.

If you go against the law, you will go out, harming others and ultimately harming yourself.

The body wants to get out of the cage, but the heart must be in the cavity.

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Don't be partial to trust and be deceived by traitors, don't let yourself be led by anger.

It is better to use your words than to go on your own, and to ask for help from others is better than asking for yourself.

Behave with your own flesh and blood. Changes should be made calmly rather than violently; when the family is in decline, one should be vigilant and strict rather than lazy.

Study down and go up, never abandon the near and go far.

Live within your means and make ends meet. Cheng Duo.

It is easy to fill up the creeks, but it is difficult to fill the hearts of people.

Employing people and teaching people are opposites. Employing people takes advantage of their strengths, and teaching people takes responsibility for their shortcomings.

Officials should be clear, careful and diligent, and the key to eating is slow, warm and soft.

It is difficult to learn from the ancients, and you are afraid of following the trend.

Everything is as it is. , then there is one less thing.

If you have a shortcoming, you will have a shortcoming, and you will add another shortcoming.

If you ask questions, you will be rich, but if you use it yourself, you will be small.

Don’t build a luxurious house. Don't try to be clever.

If you argue about trivial matters, you will miss the path.

But if you can follow your duty, you will have no troubles in the end.

There is a saying that goes against the grain. Your heart must seek all kinds of ways; if someone is inferior to your ambition, you must seek all wrong ways.

If you suffer a loss, sit in a pile; if you want to get good, do something big or small.

The ambition should be high and the body should be low, the courage should be big but the heart should be small.

A scholar is like grain and rice, and an unlearned man is like wormwood and grass.

If your lips are dead and your teeth are cold, teach them. It is hard to keep wealth.

If you make a good friend in a book, you will meet once in a lifetime; if you have a good man in your family, your family will be a treasure.

A dog does not think the family is poor, and a son does not think his mother is ugly. < /p>

Don’t be greedy for unexpected wealth, and don’t drink too much alcohol.

If you make progress, you will be regressing. Try to let go before you start.

Don’t blame people too high, think about it. It can be followed.

Don’t be too strict when attacking evil, make it bearable.

Being kind leads to auspiciousness, being surly leads to violence.

Playing with others loses virtue. , play with things and lose one's ambition.

There is a gentleman inside the door, and the gentleman outside the door will come; there is a villain inside the door, and the villain will come outside.

Although it is warm when it is warm, it will feel colder after it is warm. ; Eating sugarcane can be sweet, but the remaining sweetness can lead to bitter taste.

Family harmony, vegetarian food can make you happy; flesh and blood are obedient, and delicacies are reduced to taste.

Learn to be patient first, and then cut it. Don't be angry.

Having an impatient nature and a rough heart will lead to failure in life.

Don't boast about your abilities when you have them, otherwise you will be jealous of the world.

If things are prosperous, they will decline. There are alternatives to the dragon.

If the path is narrow, leave a step to walk with others; when the flavor is strong, add three points to make people addicted.

As a person, you must learn from the big, not the small, as your ambition will be despicable.

When it comes to running a family, you have to learn from a young person rather than a big one. Once you get a good reputation, it will be difficult to continue it later.

If you don’t stand up at thirty, you will see you at forty. Evil, fifty signs will lead to death.

If you don’t get weird, you will lose yourself.

One good thing suppresses hundreds of evils, and if you don’t see it often, there will be many strange things.

Friendship between gentlemen can only be successful if it is light, but friendship between villains can only be bad.

Those who love others will always be loved by others. Those who respect others will always be respected.

Those who harm friends will stay away from them. Good friends and respect.

Be kind to others and you will be able to respect them over time.

If you go too far, you should follow the rules and be true to your words.

If you are a rope, you will be respected. Straightforward, a person is a saint when he receives the invitation.

Good medicine is bitter to the mouth and good for the disease, and loyal words are unpleasant to the ears and good for action.

Wisdom produces knowledge, and knowledge produces judgment. If judgment is continued, it will be disturbed.

The slightest bit of evil is to advise people not to do it; the smallest bit of kindness is to facilitate others.

It is hard to be together and hard to separate, and it is easy to be together and to be separated.

Family heirloom The two words of farming and reading, the two words of guarding against theft and adultery,

The two words of "losing the family" are prostitution and gambling, and the two words of "keeping the family" are diligence and frugality.

Don't be obsessed with wealth, and don't worry about it. Feeling sorry for the poor and the lowly.

Act as one should, without being particular or complaining.

Those who are advanced are to be respected, not to be compared to those who are charming.

Powerful people It can be far away and should not be arrogant.

Good will be rewarded with good and evil will be rewarded with evil. If there is no reward, the day has not come yet.

A wise man does not show off his talents, and a gentleman does not To seize people's favor.

Saving a lost cause is like riding a horse against a rock. Don't give it a whip.

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The success of a plan is like pulling a boat onto the beach. Don't stop for a moment.

Don't be confused about big things, and don't leak out about small things.

Shrewdness is hidden inside, and magnanimity is shown externally.

Favor should be light first and then strong, strong first and then light, people will forget its benefits;

Prestige should be self-sufficient and broad, first broad. Those who are later strict will be blamed for their cruelty.

If you accumulate knowledge with the heart of accumulating goods and wealth, your virtue will become stronger day by day;

Love your mother with the same heart of loving your wife, then you will be filial and sincere. .

To learn, you must be still, and then you must learn.

Without learning, you will not be able to broaden your talents, and without being still, you will not be able to learn.

You will not be able to achieve success without suffering from old age. , just afraid of being young and not learning.

Wealth is like swords and spears. A little indulgence will destroy the bones without knowing it;

Poverty is like needles and stones, and a worry and hard work will sharpen one's temper. Acting without realizing it.

Acting without caution will eventually lead to great virtue.

If relatives are displeased, there will be no diplomacy;

If things do not end and begin, there will be no diplomacy. Do many things.

Don’t be evasive when faced with difficulties, and don’t be reluctant to gain when faced with wealth.

Don’t listen to slander, for those who listen will bring disaster.

The king listens to the fate of his ministers. Execution, a father hears his son being destroyed, a couple hears separation,

Brothers hear separation, friends hear separation, relatives hear separation.

The clear nature means hunger, food and thirst. Drinking is nothing but good for the body and intestines;

The mind is obsessed with it, and it indulges in performing verses and talking about mysteries, always playing with the soul.

Zhilan was born in the deep forest, and it is not fragrant because there is no one there;

A gentleman cultivates his morality and does not change his moral integrity because of poverty.

An honest official can drink from the greedy spring, but a man with lofty ideals will not be criticized for eating.