The magnetic stripe card is placed near magnets or household appliances with strong magnetic field effect, which makes the magnetic medium in the card invalid due to the magnetic field.
The magnetic stripe card in wallet or wallet is too close to the magnetic buckle, and the magnetic medium on the card is demagnetized and damaged.
Due to careless storage or use, the magnetic stripe information on the card is lost due to external force. Such as being pressed, folded, scratched, soiled, etc.
Two magnetic cards were inadvertently placed back to back, and their magnetic media collided with each other, so they were damaged.
2. Another reason for the failure of magnetic reading is that the terminal reading head is not well maintained, which is easy to solve. The issuing bank only needs to use a simple terminal cleaner. The cleaner is equipped with a card cleaner, which can remove fluff and dust from the surface around the terminal from time to time. Correctly maintaining the terminal magnetic head can improve the terminal card reading ability and reduce the card reading error rate by 30%.
3. Improper operation of the cashier of the special merchant and failure of the POS reading head will also cause magnetic reading failure.
Causes of magnetic writing errors
Improper debugging of magnetic writing equipment
When rewriting, the original magnetic stripe information was not completely erased.
Improper handling of magnetic cards during transportation and storage will lead to magnetic writing errors.
It is worth mentioning that some punch-in equipment or punch-in equipment produced by individual manufacturers in the early stage may have different degrees of magnetic writing errors when writing magnetic cards with different thicknesses without adjustment. At this time, the maintenance personnel of the punching machine can adjust the relevant parameters of the punching machine, which can reduce the magnetic writing error rate. Once the magnetic card loses its magnetism, it will bring a lot of trouble to the cardholder. Therefore, in order to prevent the magnetic stripe from degaussing, cardholders should pay attention to protecting the magnetic stripe and store it carefully to avoid folding and squeezing, so as not to cause unnecessary trouble.
Solution of magnetic stripe -Hi-Co magnetic stripe demagnetization
The magnetic reading error caused by degaussing the magnetic stripe often leads to the cancellation of the transaction and the dissatisfaction of the cardholder. The holder of an invalid card may ask the issuing bank to change the card, but it is more likely to simply stop using the card. Therefore, the performance of magnetic stripe not only affects the common interests of cardholders and card issuers, but also involves customer service and profits.
The role of visa organizations
VISA organization 1997 proposed at the symposium of business card manufacturers held in Bali, Indonesia that all cards issued should be gradually converted from 1 July, 9981to high-density magnetic stripe cards, and the conversion of high-density magnetic stripes should be from 1996 to 2003.
VISA international organizations in Latin America and the Caribbean decided to write magnetic data for all VISA cards issued in this region with high magnetic field from 1999 1. The magnetic stripe information input in this way will not be erased by ordinary magnetic field, and its degaussing resistance is 6 times of the original.
At present, the proportion of high-density magnetic stripe in the total card issuance in the United States is: 46% card issuers have begun to order high-density magnetic stripe cards;
32% of the cards have been converted into high-density magnetic stripe cards in 1997; 22% of the cards have not yet decided whether to adopt high-density magnetic stripe.
MasterCard's actions
Mastercard international's solution to the degaussing problem of magnetic stripe is to convert MasterCard in circulation into high-density magnetic stripe before 65438+February 2002. (The magnetic field density is 2700-3200 Oster). According to MasterCard member banks, some banks use both high-density magnetic strips and low-density magnetic strips. High-density magnetic stripe accounts for 70%, and the error rate of card reading and writing is reduced by half. Even some banks that have adopted high-density magnetic strips report that the reading and writing error rate of high-density magnetic strips is lower than 0.2%. The following table is a set of data provided by MasterCard member banks, which shows the remarkable effect of adopting high-density magnetic stripe.
Annual total magnetic error rate and track error rate of high-density magnetic stripe card reading and writing
1993 17.8% No statistical data 0%
1994 18.0% 3.60% 0%
1995 8.4% 3.20% 40%
1996 6.4% 1.80% 70%
To sum up, the advantages of high-density magnetic stripe mainly include the following aspects:
1) Reduce the card reading error rate of trading points.
2) Extend the service life and validity of the card.
3) Reduce the cost of card replacement and card return.
Color and performance of magnetic stripe
Magnetic stripe manufacturers can supply magnetic stripes of various colors according to market demand, such as gold, silver, red, green, blue, brown and black. The magnetic stripe appears in different colors because the protective layer of the standard magnetic stripe is painted with the required color. At present, the standard magnetic reading and writing equipment can read and write magnetic strips with different colors, so the color of the magnetic strip does not affect the normal magnetic reading and writing. Usually, the color of low-density magnetic stripe is brown, and the color of high-density magnetic stripe is black, which is convenient for users (including business card makers and card issuers) to distinguish low-density magnetic stripe from high-density magnetic stripe during production and storage.
Whether the magnetic stripe can read or write normally is closely related to the electromagnetic properties, including the slope of saturation curve, signal amplitude, resolution, impulse, erasability and so on. The magnetic stripe consists of three tracks: alphanumeric track-track1; Digital Track-Track 2; Read/write track-track 3, the quality index is mainly composed of signal amplitude, pulse and erasability. According to national and international standards, the index to measure signal amplitude, pulse and erasability is relative ratio data.
(1) signal amplitude: divided into average signal amplitude and single signal amplitude. Average signal amplitude means that when information is written on the card under a certain recording current, when the amplitude is too low to meet the standard, the position of the written information will not be written, resulting in data loss, which has a great impact on the reliability of the magnetic card. Single signal amplitude means that when the magnetic stripe on the card is polluted or scratched, the magnetic medium falls off, resulting in information recording failure.
(2) Pulse: refers to the static magnetic performance of the magnetic stripe itself does not meet the requirements (the surface of the magnetic layer is rough and the magnetic layer is thin, etc.). ) or the card reader is highly sensitive to noise, but reads information where the magnetic stripe does not record information.
(3) Erasability: indicates the position where the information should be deleted when swiping the card, but the information has not been deleted.
If that amplitude of the magnetic stripe signal doe not meet the standard
You may not be able to read and write the magnetic card normally, which will affect the reliability of the magnetic card. However, the magnetic stripe is pulsed and the erasability is not up to standard, which may lead to the user not being able to use the magnetic card normally.
Standard and coercivity of magnetic stripe
The latest international standard of low-density magnetic stripe is ISO/IEC 78/KOOC-0//KOOC-0/995, and the national standard is GB/T/KOOC-0/5/KOOC-0/20.2-94 (equivalent to the international standard ISO 78/KOOC-0//KLOC)
Although the coercivity of low-density magnetic stripe can meet the requirements of ISO78 1 1/2 and national standards, most bank cards or banknotes using low-density magnetic stripe in the world use 290 ~ 340 osters, which has become the industry standard. Japan mainly uses magnetic strips of 500-700 Oster, especially 650 Oster. If the magnetic stripe selected by the customer is not the standard used in the industry, it may lead to problems such as incompatibility or adjustment of magnetic writing equipment. For example, when the magnetic writing equipment of banks and other institutions writes a low-density magnetic stripe of 500 ~ 700 Oster, it is compatible if the punching equipment (such as DC7000) can write a high-density magnetic stripe; Otherwise, it is incompatible or needs adjustment. But in magnetic reading, 500 ~ 700 Oster magnetic stripe can be compatible with existing magnetic reading equipment.
The coercivity of high-density magnetic stripe is in the range of 2500 ~ 4000 Oster, and it also conforms to the standard of ISO/IEC 78 1 1-6. Most bank cards with high-density magnetic stripe use 2750 Oster magnetic stripe, and 4000 Oster magnetic stripe is mainly used for access control and identification system. Theoretically speaking, the higher the coercivity of magnetic stripe, the stronger the ability to resist accidental friction, which is more worthy of choice, but other factors should be considered comprehensively in the actual use process. For example, the high-density magnetic stripe has 4,000 oersteds, even more than 4,000 oersteds, but international credit card organizations such as ISO/IEC, VISA and Master-Card all agree that the high-density magnetic stripe with 2750 oersteds is the most suitable for bank cards. According to the full test results, the magnetic stripe of 2750 Oster is enough to prevent accidental erasure and is convenient to read and write. Compared with 4000 Oster's high-density magnetic stripe, it has many advantages such as safety, reliability and stability. On the contrary, the high-density magnetic stripe of 4000 Oster may make it difficult to write magnetic field, produce excessive noise, affect its safety or cause magnetic reading errors.
Asynchronous transmission mode
Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) ATM is a data transfer technology. Suitable for local area network and wide area network. It has high data transmission rate and supports many types of communication, such as voice, data, fax, real-time video, CD-quality audio and images.
ATM is a broadband technology to transmit sound, video images and data through local area network or wide area network. It is a cell relay technology, and the packet size is fixed. You can think of a cell as a transmission device, which can transmit data blocks from one device to another through ATM switching equipment. All cells have the same size, which is different from Frame Relay and LAN systems, and their packet size is uncertain. Using cells of the same size can provide a method to predict and guarantee the bandwidth required by the application. Like a sedan chair
Just as a car has to wait for a long truck to turn at a busy intersection, variable-length data packets can easily cause communication delay on switching equipment.
ATM does have the duality of circuit switching and packet switching;
ATM is connection-oriented. It needs to establish connections in both directions of communication, and then disconnect through signaling after the communication is over. However, it abandons synchronous time division multiplexing used in circuit switching and uses asynchronous time division multiplexing, so that the clocks of the sender and the receiver can be different and the bandwidth can be used more effectively.
The transmission unit of ATM is a cell with a fixed length of 53 bytes, and the header part contains VPI/VCI information for routing, so it has the characteristics of switching. It is a high-speed packet switching. In terms of protocol, it transfers the error correction and flow control functions of OSI layer 3 to intelligent terminals, which reduces network delay and improves switching speed.
Switching equipment is an important part of ATM, which can be used as a hub in an organization to quickly transmit data packets from one node to another. Or as a wide-area communication device to quickly transmit ATM cells between remote LANs. Traditional LANs such as Ethernet, optical fiber distributed data interface (FDD 1) and token ring network use shared media, and only one node can transmit at any time, while ATM provides connections between any nodes, and nodes can transmit at the same time. Information from different nodes is multiplexed into the cell stream. In this system, ATM switches can be owned by public service providers or part of an organization's intranet.
When ATM is the backbone network of a company, it can simplify the management of the network and eliminate many complicated problems caused by the interconnection of networks with different addressing schemes and routing mechanisms. An ATM hub can provide any two ports on the hub, regardless of the type of equipment connected. The addresses of these devices are pre-translated, for example, it is easy to send messages from one node to another, regardless of the network type to which the nodes are connected. ATM management software makes it very convenient for users and their physical workstations to move.
Through ATM technology, the local area network interconnection between corporate headquarters and offices and corporate branches can be completed, so as to realize internal data transmission, corporate mail service, voice service and so on. , and realize e-commerce and other applications through the Internet. At the same time, due to the statistical multiplexing technology, the access bandwidth of ATM has exceeded the original 2M, reaching 2M- 155M, which is suitable for applications with high bandwidth, low delay or high data burst.