Cultivation techniques of grafted melon. Sowing and seedling raising
The rootstock is American Sheng stock 1, and the scion cantaloupe is Futian 1. 165438+1On October 25th, the scion cantaloupe was sowed first, and the rootstock was sowed 5-7 days later. No matter scion or rootstock, it is best to use seedling box with length of 60 cm and width of 40 cm as sowing tool, which is convenient for movement and management. When the scion grows to 2 true leaves and 3 true Ye Gang are exposed, it takes about 10 days; When the rootstock grows to two leaves and the true leaves are just exposed, it is suitable for grafting in about 5-7 days.
Second, the grafting method
1. Preparation before grafting First prepare the shaving blade for grafting, and then prepare the nutrition bowl. The nutrient bowl is filled with nutrient soil (that is, 60% of black soil deposited by rivers, 40% of decomposed sheep manure or pig manure, and 2 bags of seedling mother agent). It is also necessary to prepare the two-layer shed needed after grafting, that is, first buckle the middle shed of the shed, then buckle the small arch shed in the middle shed, and cover the shed with three layers.
2. Grafting The grafting method is best to use docking. First, remove the heart leaves of the rootstock, and then use a blade to cut off half the stem thickness at the position of 0.5 cm below the cotyledon of the rootstock, with an angle of about 35-40 degrees. The scion cantaloupe was obliquely cut upward at the position of 1.5 cm under the leaves, about 30 degrees, and then the wounds of two seedlings were clamped with grafting clips, and then the integrated rootstock and scion were planted together in a nutrition pot. The cotyledons of the grafted rootstock and the scion are preferably cross-shaped, that is, the scion is above and the rootstock is below. When grafting, it is best to choose a sunny morning, put the grafted seedlings into a small arch shed and cover them with paper for shade.
Third, seedling management? Four in three days?
In the first three days after grafting, the climate conditions of high temperature and high humidity were basically maintained, and there was no outdoor air. The temperature should be kept at 30℃ in the daytime, about 20℃ in the first half of the night, at least 13℃- 15℃ in the second half of the night, and the soil temperature should be kept at 17℃- 18℃. In the last three days, according to the growth of seedlings, outdoor air can gradually enter around the small arch shed during the day, and the temperature can be appropriately reduced by 2℃-3℃; Manage as usual at night. If some seedlings wilt, spray clear water in time and take partial shading treatment. On the third day, you can properly uncover the small arch shed during the day, remove the paper from the arch shed at noon and cover it in the morning and evening. But at about 3 pm, paper must be covered to prevent the seedlings from dying because of low temperature. On the fourth day, the seedlings have recovered, and the rootstocks and scions have completely survived. During the day, the paper quilt can be left uncovered on the small arch shed, and the surrounding area can also be left uncovered to enter the normal management, at which time the roots can be cut off. In order to ensure the survival rate after root cutting, the scion was pinched at the root cutting place 1 day before root cutting, and the root was cut with a knife the next day. After root cutting, the scion can't be exposed to the sun because of root injury. At this time, the management should be the same as the second three-day management until the seedlings fully recover and grow new leaves and enter normal management. Fertilization and irrigation are basically not needed at seedling stage. But foliar fertilization should be carried out 2-3 times. That is, when the scion 1 leaves are unfolded, after grafting and 3-4 days before planting, spray 1 time. When the seedlings grow to 4 true leaves, they will be planted in 40 days.
Fourth, colonization.
The planting time is about 65438+1early October. The planting method adopts high border cultivation, that is, the border is 20-25cm high, 90cm wide and 6m long. Before border cultivation, 5000 kg of high-quality farmyard manure, 20 kg of diammonium phosphate, 25 kg of potassium nitrate and 35 kg of enemy or base fertilizer should be applied per mu. The border is covered with black and white plastic film, that is, the border is white to absorb sunlight and the ridge is black to prevent weeds from growing. The plant spacing is determined to be two ridges per border, with a plant spacing of 25 cm and a plant spacing of about 40 cm. After planting, buckle a small arch shed on the border.
V post-colonial management
1. Temperature management: mainly increase the indoor temperature after planting. During the period before the results, the daytime temperature should be kept at 28℃-30℃, the outdoor temperature should not exceed 40℃, and the nighttime temperature should not be lower than 17℃- 18℃. After fruiting, the temperature is still high, 25℃-28℃ during the day and 15℃- 18℃ at night. If the temperature is too low at night, melons won't grow much. The grafted melon seedlings also have low temperature resistance, which laid a foundation for promoting root growth and development.
2. Fertilizer and water management Because it is in a cold winter when planting, and the soil in Panjin is salty and sticky, it is not appropriate to water or water more. In water management, there are usually three kinds of water: the first time is planting water, the second time is watering the melon-urging water when the young melon grows to the size of an egg, and the third time is watering the melon-urging water when the second crop is planted. Every time you water it, it slowly seeps into the border along the ditch between the borders. Fertilize twice * * *, the second time when watering, the second time when harvesting melons. Apply 20 kilograms of diammonium phosphate and 25 kilograms of potassium nitrate once per mu. Spraying foliar fertilizer/kloc-0 every 7 days.
3. Pollinated cantaloupe is a cross-pollinated crop and has no habit of parthenocarpy. It is necessary to pollinate artificially and indoors, but the common method is artificial pollination. At 9- 10 in the morning, use the male flowers that opened that day, remove the petals and gently smear them on the stigma of the female flowers. If there are not enough male flowers, a male flower can produce 3-4 female flowers. It is best to mark after pollination in order to calculate the fruit maturity. Try not to treat melons with hormones when sitting, so as not to cause the deformity of melons and affect the quality of goods.
4. Prune, remove the core and protect the melon. After planting seedlings slowly, the main vine began to core at the time of 4 leaves 1, leaving 4 sub-vines to grow. According to the growth situation, three branches are selected from the four branches, which are compact and grow well, and three sun vines are left from each of the three branches. On three sun vines, continue to observe the growth of melon seedlings, choose the good melon shape, remove the bad ones, and leave two leaves in front of the melon to pick the core. If we continue to bear melons on Sun Man's new branches, the second crop will be formed. The yield of the second crop is higher than that of the first crop, but the price is lower than that of the first crop.
Sixth, harvesting
Try to harvest ripe melons, not raw ones. The maturity of melon should be comprehensively judged according to pollination date and sugar quality. In addition, it depends on the color, pattern, wrinkles and smell of the navel. When harvesting, it should be cut together with fruit stalks and a section of stems and vines, and handled carefully. In order to improve the quality of cantaloupe and facilitate transportation, the cantaloupe should be covered with a net, labeled and packaged for sale.
The growth process of melon can be divided into germination stage, seedling stage, vine extension stage and fruiting stage.
germination period
It takes about 10 days from sowing to flattening the first true leaf of cotyledons, and the growth during this period is small. The germination temperature is 25 ~ 35℃, and the optimum temperature is 30℃. Most varieties can't germinate below 65438 05℃.
Seedling stage
Cotyledons flatten until the fifth true leaf appears, about 25 days. The stems are short and erect, and grow slowly. When the first true leaf appears, the flower bud differentiation starts from the seedling tip, and at the end of seedling stage, the stem tip differentiation is about 20 nodes. The primordium of the original flower is bisexual, and the male flower, female flower or bisexual flower can only be differentiated when the primordium of the flower is 0.6 ~ 0.7 mm long. Under the conditions of daily temperature of 30℃, night temperature 18 ~ 20℃ and sunshine 12 hours, flower buds differentiated early and the node position of fruiting flowers (female flowers or bisexual flowers) was low. When the temperature is too high and the sunshine time is long, the flower node position increases and the quality decreases.
Stretching stage
It takes 20 ~ 25 days from the appearance of the fifth true leaf to the opening of the first fruiting flower. Roots, stems and leaves of plants grow rapidly, flower buds further differentiate and develop, and plants enter a vigorous growth period. The suitable daily temperature for stem and leaf growth is 25 ~ 30℃, and the night temperature is 16 ~ 18℃, and the growth and development are poor when it is lower than 13℃ or higher than 40℃ for a long time. The optimum temperature for root growth is 22 ~ 25℃. Melon needs strong light and sunshine 12 hours or more. The optical saturation point is 55000 ~ 60000 lux, and the compensation point is 4000 lux.
Fruiting period
As a result, the flowers bloom until the fruit matures. 20 ~ 40 days for early-maturing varieties and 70 ~ for late-maturing varieties.
The period of 80 days can be divided into early, middle and late stages. ① Early fruiting period: It takes about 7 days from flowering to rapid expansion of young fruit. The ovary cells of melon split sharply before and after flowering, and the cells began to expand 5 ~ 7 days after flowering, and the fruit began to hypertrophy rapidly. The vegetative growth of plants reaches the maximum. ② Mid-fruiting stage: the fruit expands rapidly until it stops growing. At this time, the total plant growth reached the maximum, the daily growth was the highest, mainly fruit growth, and the nutritional growth slowed down. At the end of this period, the fruit weight reached more than 50% of the whole plant weight. (3) Late fruiting stage: the fruit stops expanding to maturity, and the growth of vegetative organs stops, and the fruit weight can reach 70% of the whole plant weight. During the fruit ripening, its hardness, specific gravity, color, nutritional components and biochemical characteristics have all changed significantly: the respiration of the fruit is the strongest when it is young, decreases with the fruit swelling, and rises again after it enters maturity. Breathing peak? ; After fruit setting, the total sugar content of fruit increased slowly, and the sucrose content increased rapidly in the later stage, eventually accounting for 60 ~ 70% of the total sugar. The content of vitamin C is the highest in young fruit, which decreases when the fruit expands and increases when it matures. In the process of fruit ripening, chlorophyll gradually disappears, and lutein, carotene and lycopene gradually appear, making the fruit have various colors. At the same time, due to the hydrolysis of pectin in the cell wall, the hardness decreased, the gap between placental cells increased, and the specific gravity of fruit decreased to below 1.
The temperature in the fruiting period is strict, and the required accumulated temperature accounts for more than 40 ~ 50% of the whole growth period, with the daily temperature of 27 ~ 30℃ and the night temperature of 15 ~ 18℃. The temperature difference between day and night is above 13℃, which requires sufficient sunshine.